Home Verbalinflection Verbal inflection in Inari Saami This document sketches the system of the Inari Saami verb. For each stem type, it gives root vowels, stem vowels and alternations.
In addition, it gives and overview of the twolc triggers used (^WG, ^VBACK , etc.) in order to govern the morphophonological processes.
Two-syllabic verbs We have -âđ, -iđ, -eđ, -uđ, -ođ, as well as -eeđ, -oođ, -uuđ.
âđ stems Root vowels may be short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs.
âđ stems with short vowels 57 2SYLL_KAVNAD
55 2SYLL_KULGAD
20 2SYLL_SPELLAD
19 2SYLL_ETTAD
18 2SYLL_KOLGAD
12 2SYLL_OPPAD
6 2SYLL_SODDAD
1 2SYLL_KALGAD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 triggers Sg3 Prs Sg3 trig Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trig stem yaml¶ contlex tabžâđ taabžâm â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN tábžá á%^VHIGH täbžeh e%>h tabžim i%^VBACK ta%^RVbž % 2SYLL_KAVNAD keččâđ keejâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN kiäččá á%^VHIGH keččih i%>h keččim i%>m ke%^RVčč % 2SYLL_SPELLAD lekkâđ leehâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN liäkká á%^VHIGH lekkih i%>h lekkim i%>m le%^RVk4k4 % 2SYLL_SPELLAD viggâđ viigâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN viggá á viggeh e%>h viggim i%^VHIGH%>m vi%^RVgg + 2SYLL_SODDAD kalgâđ kaalgâm â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN á-á á%^WG%^VHIGH kälgih i%^CSH%>h kalgim i%^VBACK ka%^RVlg + 2SYLL_KALGAD šoddâđ šoodâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN a-a á šaddeh e%>h šoddim i%^VHIGH%>m ša%^RVdd + 2SYLL_SODDAD ettâđ eeđâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN iä- á á%^CSH%^VHIGH eteh e%^CSH%>h ettim i%>m e%^RVtt4 + 2SYLL_ETTAD kulgâđ kuulgâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN o-á á kolgeh e%>h kulgim i%^VHIGH%>m ko%^RVlg + 2SYLL_KULGAD toppâđ toopâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN tappa á tappeh e%>h toppim i%^VHIGH%>m topp (?) % 2SYLL_KULGAD kolgâđ koolgâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN a-a a kalgeh e%>h kolgim i%^VHIGH ka%^RVlg + 2SYLL_KOLGAD oppâđ oopâm â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN uqppá á uáppih i%>h oppim i%^VBACK%^RVSH uápp + 2SYLL_OPPAD
¶) yaml: + = own yaml paradigm, - = no paradigm, % = form in the list yaml file
Errors:
prt sg1 taabžâim, kaalgâim, šoodâim, eeđâim, kuulgâim âđ stems with long vowels 48 2SYLL_AASSAD
36 2SYLL_TOOHAD
26 2SYLL_VIISSAD
23 2SYLL_MOONNAD
11 2SYLL_TOOLLAD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trig stem yaml contlex njaahâđ njaaṿâm â%^WG njááhá á%^EA%^CSH njäähih i%^CSH%>h njaahim i%^VBACK njääh%^RC + 2SYLL_AASSAD keerrâđ keerâm â%^WG kiärá á%^EA%^CSH keerih i%^CSH%>h keerrim i%^VBACK keerr % 2SYLL_AASSAD viiššâđ viišâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN viṣ̌á á%^CSH višeh e%^CSH%>h viššii i%^RLEN vi%^RVš%^RC + 2SYLL_VIISSAD moonnâđ moonâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN maṇâ á%^CSH maneh e%^CSH%>h moonnim i%^VHIGH%^RLEN ma%^RVn%^RC + 2SYLL_MOONNAD luuhâđ luuvâm â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN lohá %^CSH loheh e%^CSH%>h luuhim i%^VHIGH%^RLEN lo%^RVh%^RC + 2SYLL_TOOHAD toollâđ toolâm â%^WG%^VBACK tuálá á%^CSH tuálih %^CSH%>h toollim i%^VBACK%^RLEN tuáll + 2SYLL_TOOLLAD
65 2SYLL_VUOLLAD
34 2SYLL_KIESSAD
7 2SYLL_VIEZZAD
6 2SYLL_RUOTTAD
4 2SYLL_CIEPPAD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trig stem yaml contlex vuollâđ vuolâm â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN vuálâ á%^CSH%^VHIGH vyelih i%^CSH%>h vuollim i%^VBACK%^RLEN vyel%^RC + 2SYLL_VUOLLAD kiessâđ kiesâm â%^WG% kiäsá á%^EA%^CSH kiesih i%^CSH%>h kiessim i kies%^RC + 2SYLL_KIESSAD viežžâđ viežâm â%^WG% viäžžá á%^EA viežžih i%>h viežžim i viežž + 2SYLL_VIEZZAD ruottâđ ruotâm â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN ruáttá á%^VHIGH ryettih i%>h ruottim i%^VBACK%^RLEN ryett + 2SYLL_RUOTTAD smiettâđ smietâm â%^WG smiättá á%^EA - i%>h - i smiett % 2SYLL_CIEPPAD
Note: cieppâđ is KIESSAD and čieppâđ is VIEZZAD Diphthongs are uo and ie, they change to uá and iá, i.e. the second vowel changes.
inf Sg1 Sg3 uo - â uo - â uá - á ie - â ie - â iä - á
iđ stems Verbs in -iđ with two syllables are either bisyllabic or contract. They are contract, if 1. syll contains a, i, o, u, o . Verbs with syllable e, ie may be either bisyllabic or contract.
109 2SYLL_ID
8 2SYLL_KASTID
Short root vowel: inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trig stem yaml contlex kästiđ káástám á%^VHIGH%^RLEN kástá á%^VHIGH kästih i%>h kastim i%^VBACK kä%^RVst + 2SYLL_KASTID sävviđ sávám á%^VHIGH%^RLEN sávvá á%^VHIGH - i%>h - i%^VBACK sä%^RVvv % 2SYLL_KASTID rähtiđ rááhtám á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN ráhtá á%^VHIGH rähtih i%>h rahtim i%^VBACK rä%^RVht4 + 2SYLL_ID celkkiđ ciälhám á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN ciälkká á%^VHIGH celkkih i%>h celkkim i%^VBACK ce%^RVlkk4 + 2SYLL_ID
Table inf Sg1 Sg3 PrtSg3 ä - i áá - á á - á aa - i e - i iä - á iá - á ee - i
Long root vowel: 7 2SYLL_CAALLID
6 2SYLL_VYELGID
5 2SYLL_VYEIJID
5 2SYLL_UAINID
5 2SYLL_PAACCID
4 2SYLL_KEESSID
4 2SYLL_EELLID
3 2SYLL_UADDID
1 JUAVVID
1 2SYLL_TIETTID
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex čäälliđ čálám á%^EA%^WG%^RVSH čáálá á%^EA%^CSH čäälih i%^CSH%>h čaallim i%^VBACK čääll + 2SYLL_CAALLID peehiđ piävám á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN piävá á%^CSH%^VHIGH peehih i%^CSH%>h peehim i eeh%^RC + 2SYLL_KEESSID vyeijiđ vuájám á%^WG%^VHIGH vuájá á%^CSH%^VHIGH vyejih i%^CSH%>h vuoijim i%^VBACK%^RLEN vyei4j + 2SYLL_VYEIJID uáđđiđ uáđám á%^EA%^WG%^RLEN uáđá á%^EA%^CSH uáđih i%^CSH%>h oođđim i%^VBACK uáđđ + 2SYLL_UADDID uáiniđ uáinám á%^EA%^WG%^RLEN uáiná á%^EA uáinih i%>h oinim i%^VBACK%^RVSH uái4n + 2SYLL_UAINID vyelgiđ vuálgám á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN vuálgá á%^VHIGH vyelgih i%>h vuolgim i%^VBACK%^RLEN vyelg + 2SYLL_VYELGID pääcciđ páásám á%^EA%^WG páácá á%^EA%^CSH pääcih i%^CSH%>h paaccim i%^VBACK pääcc4 + 2SYLL_PAACCID eelliđ iälám á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN iälá á%^CSH%^VHIGH eelih i%^CSH%>h eellim i eell + 2SYLL_EELLID tiettiđ tiäđám á%^WG%^VHIGH tiätá á%^EA%^CSH tietih i%^CSH%>h tiettim i tiett4 + 2SYLL_TIETTID juávviđ - - - á%^EA%^CSH - - - - juávv - JUAVVID
Table inf Sg1 Sg3 Prt Sg3 Prt Du2 ää - i á - á áá - á aa - i aa - i ee - i iä - á iä - á ee - i e - i ye - i uá - á yá - á - i - i uá - i uá - á uá - á - i - i
uđ stems Stems in -uđ are contract, if 1. syll is a, i, o, u, uo or ie. Otherwise they are bisyllabic.
243 2SYLL_UD
41 2SYLL_KUARRUD
5 2SYLL_OAZZUD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trig Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex čuárvuđ čuárvum u%^WG%^RLEN čuárvu u čuárvuh u%>h5 čuorvum u%^VBACK ču5árv + 2SYLL_UD pákkuđ pááhum u%^WG%^RLEN pákku u pákkuh u%>h5 pakkum u%^VBACK ču5árv + 2SYLL_UD kuárruđ kuárum u%^WG%^RLEN kuáru u%^CSH kuáruh u%^CSH%>h5 koorrum u2%^RLEN kuárr + 2SYLL_KUARRUD uážžuđ uážum u%^WG uážžu u%^CLEN uážžuh u%>h5 ožžum u2 uážž + 2SYLL_OAZZUD
ođ stems 135 2SYLL_OD
1 C_HOLHOD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trg Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex koččođ kočom o%^WG%^RLEN koččo o koččoh o%>h kuččum u%^VHIGH kočč + 2SYLL_OD
Stem vowels Inf Example a - o paččođ i - o rimččođ u - o čurttođ o - o koččođ ai - o laigođ ui - o puiccođ
ood stems 31 2SYLL_OOD
24 2SYLL_ORROOD
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trig Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trg Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex orroođ orom o%^WG%^RLEN oro o oroh o%>h uurrum u%^VHIGH o%^RVrr + 2SYLL_ORROOD
Inf Ex a - oo sattoođ i - oo njihhoođ o - oo orroođ oi - oo loijoođ u - oo luččoođ
eđ stems 83 2SYLL_PIHTED
31 2SYLL_POHTED
8 2SYLL_KALVED
pihteđ:pi%^RVht 2SYLL_PIHTED ; !!YAML
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trg Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trg Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex pihteđ pivtám á%^WG pihtá á pihteh e%>h pihtim i%^VHIGH pi%^RVht + 2SYLL_PIHTED pohteđ povtám, poovtám á%^WG pohtá á pohteh e%>h puhtim i po%^RVht + 2SYLL_POHTED
Inf PrsSg1 PrsSg3 PrsDu1 PrsDu2 PrtSg1 PrtSg3 PrtPl3 a - e a - a a - a a - ee a - e o - i oo - ij o - ii i - e i - á i - á i - ee i - e ii - i ii - ij i - ii o - e o - á o - á o - ee o - e u - i uu - ij u - ii u - e u - á u - á u - ee u - e u - i uu - ij u - ii
Comments:
Stem vowel a -> á when i root vowel. Stem vowel lengthening eeđ stems 27 2SYLL_EED
2 2SYLL_PAHHEED
inf Sg1 Prs Sg1 trg Sg3 Prs Sg3 trg Pl3 Pl3 trg Prt Sg1 Prt Sg1 trg stem yaml contlex jotteeđ jođám á%^WG jotá á joteh e%>h juuttim i%^VHIGH jo%^RVt%^RC + 2SYLL_EED anneeđ anam á%^WG ana á aneh e%>h oonnim i%^VHIGH a%^RVnn + 2SYLL_EED pahheeđ pavam á%^WG paha á%^CSH paheh e%^CSH%>h poohim i%^CSH%^VHIGH%^RLEN pa%^RVhh + 2SYLL_PAHHEED
Inf Ex a - ee anneeđ i - ee itteeđ o - ee jotteeđ u - ee suđđeeđ
short root vowel Inf PrsSg1 PrsDu1 PrsDu2 Prt Sg1 PrtPl2 a - ee a - a a - ee a - e oo - i o - i i - ee i - á i - ee i - e oo - i o - i o - ee o - a o - ee o - e oo - i o - i u - ee u - a u - ee u - e oo - i o - i
Notes Long ee vs long oo
It seems we have long -oo when the stem vowel is -o or -u, and long -ee elsewhere.
Three-syllabic verbs 554 3_CIELATTID
488 3_LEKKASID
425 3_KUIKETTID
195 3_PUTESTID
150 3_VYEJETTID
124 3_COKKIITTID
93 3_MERIDID
54 3_ADELID
Quoting the documentation:
3_LEKKASID (no stem change) 3_CIELATTID (stem-final tt shortening) cielâttiđ: cielât Length change in stem: Consonant change only 3_VYEJETTID (2syll vow short in Inf, long in Sg3, 1st syll V lengthening) vyejettiđ vyejeet 3_PUTESTID (cns and vow lengthening) putestiđ: putteest Length change in stem: Short V in Inf (before V) 3_COKKIITTID (stem-final tt shortening + 2syll vow shortening cokkiittiđ cokkit. difference in negation + Action Ess, Loc.. compared to 3_COKKIITTID) Length change in stem: Long V in Inf (before C#). 3_KUIKETTID 3_MERIDID 3_ADELID 3_UTTID Contracted verbs 369 C_TUHHID
353 C_TABAHTUD
197 C_COKKAD
147 C_RAMMUD
35 C_PALLAD
8 C_MERIDUD
5 C_MERIDUDX
1 C_HOLHOD
1 C_CAALLUD
ád contracted verbs (C_COKKAD) inf Sg1 Sg3 čokkáđ čokkáám čokkáá sáhháđ áhháám sáhháá
ađ contracted verbs (C_PALLAD) Passes
iđ contracted verbs (C_TUHHID) The -iđ verb is contract if 1.syll has a, i, o, u, or uo. When the 1.syll is e or ie the verb may be either contract or bisyllabic.
inf Sg1 Sg3 salkkiđ salkkiim sälkkee stelliđ stelliim stellee toppiđ toppiim tuáppee monniđ monniim mannee tuhhiđ tuhhiim tohhee staaviđ staaviim stäävee rievviđ rievviim rievvee luoddiđ luoddiim lyeddee
inf Sg1 Sg3 e - i e - ii e - ee i - i i - ii i - ee ie - i ie - ii ie - ee u - i u - ii o - ee
inf Sg1 Sg3 a - i a - ii ä - ee aa - i aa - ii ää - ee o - i o - ii a - ee o - i o - ii uá - ee uo - i uo - ii ye - ee
salkkiđ: stem ä, change to a if 2nd syll vowel is i tuhhiđ: stem o, change to u if 2nd syll vowel is i toppiđ: stem uá, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is i monniđ: stem a, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is i staaviđ: stem ää, change to aa if 2nd syll vowel is i luoddiđ: stem ye, change to uo if 2nd syll vowel is i uđ contracted verbs (C_RAMMUD) Stems in -uđ are contract, if 1. syll is a, i, o, u, uo or ie. Otherwise they are bisyllabic.
inf Sg1 Sg3 stem Inf Sg3 rammuđ rammuum rámmoo - - - semmuđ semmuum siämmoo - - - possuđ possuum passoo - - - purruđ purruum porroo - - - tiettuđ tiettuum tiättoo - - - oinuđ oinuum uáinoo uá RVSH - puohtuđ puohtuum puáhtoo uá - ok uo ruáttuđ ruáttuum ruáttoo u5á - does not work
subst uá + EWG = ye u5á + EWG = uá uá = uá verb uá … > uđ = o u5á … > uđ = uo u5á5 … > uđ = uá inf Sg1 Sg3 a - u a - uu á - oo e - u e - uu iä - oo o - u o - uu a - oo u - u u - uu o - oo ie - u ie - uu iä - oo uo - u uo - uu uá - oo uá - u uá - uu uá - oo
rammuđ: stem á, change to a if 2nd syll vowel is u semmuđ: stem iä, change to e if 2nd syll vowel is u possuđ: stem a, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is u purruđ: stem o, change to u if 2nd syll vowel is u tiettuđ: stem iä, change to ie if 2nd syll vowel is u puohtuđ: stem uá, change to uo if 2nd syll vowel is u muássuđ: muássud is invariant Four-syllabic verbs 533 4_KAVNATTATTAD
17 4_UHCAD
8 4_ITTED
Auxiliaries These ones we just list.