Verbal inflection in Inari Saami

This document sketches the system of the Inari Saami verb. For each stem type, it gives root vowels, stem vowels and alternations.

In addition, it gives and overview of the twolc triggers used (^WG, ^VBACK, etc.) in order to govern the morphophonological processes.

Two-syllabic verbs

We have -âđ, -iđ, -eđ, -uđ, -ođ, as well as -eeđ, -oođ, -uuđ.

âđ stems

Root vowels may be short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs.

âđ stems with short vowels

  57 2SYLL_KAVNAD
  55 2SYLL_KULGAD
  20 2SYLL_SPELLAD
  19 2SYLL_ETTAD
  18 2SYLL_KOLGAD
  12 2SYLL_OPPAD
   6 2SYLL_SODDAD
   1 2SYLL_KALGAD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 triggers	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trig	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trig	stem	yaml¶	contlex
tabžâđ	taabžâm	â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN	tábžá	á%^VHIGH	täbžeh	e%>h	tabžim	i%^VBACK	ta%^RVbž	%	2SYLL_KAVNAD
keččâđ	keejâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	kiäččá	á%^VHIGH	keččih	i%>h	keččim	i%>m	ke%^RVčč	%	2SYLL_SPELLAD
lekkâđ	leehâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	liäkká	á%^VHIGH	lekkih	i%>h	lekkim	i%>m	le%^RVk4k4	%	2SYLL_SPELLAD
viggâđ	viigâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	viggá	á	viggeh	e%>h	viggim	i%^VHIGH%>m	vi%^RVgg	+	2SYLL_SODDAD
kalgâđ	kaalgâm	â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN	á-á	á%^WG%^VHIGH	kälgih	i%^CSH%>h	kalgim	i%^VBACK	ka%^RVlg	+	2SYLL_KALGAD
šoddâđ	šoodâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	a-a	á	šaddeh	e%>h	šoddim	i%^VHIGH%>m	ša%^RVdd	+	2SYLL_SODDAD
ettâđ	eeđâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	iä- á	á%^CSH%^VHIGH	eteh	e%^CSH%>h	ettim	i%>m	e%^RVtt4	+	2SYLL_ETTAD
kulgâđ	kuulgâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	o-á	á	kolgeh	e%>h	kulgim	i%^VHIGH%>m	ko%^RVlg	+	2SYLL_KULGAD
toppâđ	toopâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	tappa	á	tappeh	e%>h	toppim	i%^VHIGH%>m	topp (?)	%	2SYLL_KULGAD
kolgâđ	koolgâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	a-a	a	kalgeh	e%>h	kolgim	i%^VHIGH	ka%^RVlg	+	2SYLL_KOLGAD
oppâđ	oopâm	â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN	uqppá	á	uáppih	i%>h	oppim	i%^VBACK%^RVSH	uápp	+	2SYLL_OPPAD

¶) yaml: + = own yaml paradigm, - = no paradigm, % = form in the list yaml file

Errors:

• prt sg1 taabžâim, kaalgâim, šoodâim, eeđâim, kuulgâim

âđ stems with long vowels

  48 2SYLL_AASSAD
  36 2SYLL_TOOHAD
  26 2SYLL_VIISSAD
  23 2SYLL_MOONNAD
  11 2SYLL_TOOLLAD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trig	stem	yaml	contlex
njaahâđ	njaaṿâm	â%^WG	njááhá	á%^EA%^CSH	njäähih	i%^CSH%>h	njaahim	i%^VBACK	njääh%^RC	+	2SYLL_AASSAD
keerrâđ	keerâm	â%^WG	kiärá	á%^EA%^CSH	keerih	i%^CSH%>h	keerrim	i%^VBACK	keerr	%	2SYLL_AASSAD
viiššâđ	viišâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	viṣ̌á	á%^CSH	višeh	e%^CSH%>h	viššii	i%^RLEN	vi%^RVš%^RC	+	2SYLL_VIISSAD
moonnâđ	moonâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	maṇâ	á%^CSH	maneh	e%^CSH%>h	moonnim	i%^VHIGH%^RLEN	ma%^RVn%^RC	+	2SYLL_MOONNAD
luuhâđ	luuvâm	â%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	lohá	%^CSH	loheh	e%^CSH%>h	luuhim	i%^VHIGH%^RLEN	lo%^RVh%^RC	+	2SYLL_TOOHAD
toollâđ	toolâm	â%^WG%^VBACK	tuálá	á%^CSH	tuálih	%^CSH%>h	toollim	i%^VBACK%^RLEN	tuáll	+	2SYLL_TOOLLAD

  65 2SYLL_VUOLLAD
  34 2SYLL_KIESSAD
   7 2SYLL_VIEZZAD
   6 2SYLL_RUOTTAD
   4 2SYLL_CIEPPAD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trig	stem	yaml	contlex
vuollâđ	vuolâm	â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN	vuálâ	á%^CSH%^VHIGH	vyelih	i%^CSH%>h	vuollim	i%^VBACK%^RLEN	vyel%^RC	+	2SYLL_VUOLLAD
kiessâđ	kiesâm	â%^WG%	kiäsá	á%^EA%^CSH	kiesih	i%^CSH%>h	kiessim	i	kies%^RC	+	2SYLL_KIESSAD
viežžâđ	viežâm	â%^WG%	viäžžá	á%^EA	viežžih	i%>h	viežžim	i	viežž	+	2SYLL_VIEZZAD
ruottâđ	ruotâm	â%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN	ruáttá	á%^VHIGH	ryettih	i%>h	ruottim	i%^VBACK%^RLEN	ryett	+	2SYLL_RUOTTAD
smiettâđ	smietâm	â%^WG	smiättá	á%^EA	-	i%>h	-	i	smiett	%	2SYLL_CIEPPAD

• Note: cieppâđ is KIESSAD and čieppâđ is VIEZZAD

Diphthongs are uo and ie, they change to uá and iá, i.e. the second vowel changes.

inf	Sg1	Sg3
uo - â	uo - â	uá - á
ie - â	ie - â	iä - á

iđ stems

Verbs in -iđ with two syllables are either bisyllabic or contract. They are contract, if 1. syll contains a, i, o, u, o. Verbs with syllable e, ie may be either bisyllabic or contract.

 109 2SYLL_ID
   8 2SYLL_KASTID

Short root vowel:

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trig	stem	yaml	contlex
kästiđ	káástám	á%^VHIGH%^RLEN	kástá	á%^VHIGH	kästih	i%>h	kastim	i%^VBACK	kä%^RVst	+	2SYLL_KASTID
sävviđ	sávám	á%^VHIGH%^RLEN	sávvá	á%^VHIGH	-	i%>h	-	i%^VBACK	sä%^RVvv	%	2SYLL_KASTID
rähtiđ	rááhtám	á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	ráhtá	á%^VHIGH	rähtih	i%>h	rahtim	i%^VBACK	rä%^RVht4	+	2SYLL_ID
celkkiđ	ciälhám	á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	ciälkká	á%^VHIGH	celkkih	i%>h	celkkim	i%^VBACK	ce%^RVlkk4	+	2SYLL_ID

Table

inf	Sg1	Sg3	PrtSg3
ä - i	áá - á	á - á	aa - i
e - i	iä - á	iá - á	ee - i

Long root vowel:

   7 2SYLL_CAALLID
   6 2SYLL_VYELGID
   5 2SYLL_VYEIJID
   5 2SYLL_UAINID
   5 2SYLL_PAACCID
   4 2SYLL_KEESSID
   4 2SYLL_EELLID
   3 2SYLL_UADDID
   1 JUAVVID
   1 2SYLL_TIETTID

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
čäälliđ	čálám	á%^EA%^WG%^RVSH	čáálá	á%^EA%^CSH	čäälih	i%^CSH%>h	čaallim	i%^VBACK	čääll	+	2SYLL_CAALLID
peehiđ	piävám	á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	piävá	á%^CSH%^VHIGH	peehih	i%^CSH%>h	peehim	i	eeh%^RC	+	2SYLL_KEESSID
vyeijiđ	vuájám	á%^WG%^VHIGH	vuájá	á%^CSH%^VHIGH	vyejih	i%^CSH%>h	vuoijim	i%^VBACK%^RLEN	vyei4j	+	2SYLL_VYEIJID
uáđđiđ	uáđám	á%^EA%^WG%^RLEN	uáđá	á%^EA%^CSH	uáđih	i%^CSH%>h	oođđim	i%^VBACK	uáđđ	+	2SYLL_UADDID
uáiniđ	uáinám	á%^EA%^WG%^RLEN	uáiná	á%^EA	uáinih	i%>h	oinim	i%^VBACK%^RVSH	uái4n	+	2SYLL_UAINID
vyelgiđ	vuálgám	á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	vuálgá	á%^VHIGH	vyelgih	i%>h	vuolgim	i%^VBACK%^RLEN	vyelg	+	2SYLL_VYELGID
pääcciđ	páásám	á%^EA%^WG	páácá	á%^EA%^CSH	pääcih	i%^CSH%>h	paaccim	i%^VBACK	pääcc4	+	2SYLL_PAACCID
eelliđ	iälám	á%^WG%^VHIGH%^RLEN	iälá	á%^CSH%^VHIGH	eelih	i%^CSH%>h	eellim	i	eell	+	2SYLL_EELLID
tiettiđ	tiäđám	á%^WG%^VHIGH	tiätá	á%^EA%^CSH	tietih	i%^CSH%>h	tiettim	i	tiett4	+	2SYLL_TIETTID
juávviđ	-	-	-	á%^EA%^CSH	-	-	-	-	juávv	-	JUAVVID

Table

inf	Sg1	Sg3	Prt Sg3	Prt Du2
ää - i	á - á	áá - á	aa - i	aa - i
ee - i	iä - á	iä - á	ee - i	e - i
ye - i	uá - á	yá - á	- i	- i
uá - i	uá - á	uá - á	- i	- i

uđ stems

Stems in -uđ are contract, if 1. syll is a, i, o, u, uo or ie. Otherwise they are bisyllabic.

 243 2SYLL_UD
  41 2SYLL_KUARRUD
   5 2SYLL_OAZZUD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trig	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
čuárvuđ	čuárvum	u%^WG%^RLEN	čuárvu	u	čuárvuh	u%>h5	čuorvum	u%^VBACK	ču5árv	+	2SYLL_UD
pákkuđ	pááhum	u%^WG%^RLEN	pákku	u	pákkuh	u%>h5	pakkum	u%^VBACK	ču5árv	+	2SYLL_UD
kuárruđ	kuárum	u%^WG%^RLEN	kuáru	u%^CSH	kuáruh	u%^CSH%>h5	koorrum	u2%^RLEN	kuárr	+	2SYLL_KUARRUD
uážžuđ	uážum	u%^WG	uážžu	u%^CLEN	uážžuh	u%>h5	ožžum	u2	uážž	+	2SYLL_OAZZUD

ođ stems

 135 2SYLL_OD
   1 C_HOLHOD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trg	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
koččođ	kočom	o%^WG%^RLEN	koččo	o	koččoh	o%>h	kuččum	u%^VHIGH	kočč	+	2SYLL_OD

Stem vowels

Inf	Example
a - o	paččođ
i - o	rimččođ
u - o	čurttođ
o - o	koččođ
ai - o	laigođ
ui - o	puiccođ

ood stems

  31 2SYLL_OOD
  24 2SYLL_ORROOD

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trig	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trg	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
orroođ	orom	o%^WG%^RLEN	oro	o	oroh	o%>h	uurrum	u%^VHIGH	o%^RVrr	+	2SYLL_ORROOD

Inf	Ex
a - oo	sattoođ
i - oo	njihhoođ
o - oo	orroođ
oi - oo	loijoođ
u - oo	luččoođ

eđ stems

  83 2SYLL_PIHTED
  31 2SYLL_POHTED
   8 2SYLL_KALVED

pihteđ:pi%^RVht 2SYLL_PIHTED ; !!YAML

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trg	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trg	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
pihteđ	pivtám	á%^WG	pihtá	á	pihteh	e%>h	pihtim	i%^VHIGH	pi%^RVht	+	2SYLL_PIHTED
pohteđ	povtám, poovtám	á%^WG	pohtá	á	pohteh	e%>h	puhtim	i	po%^RVht	+	2SYLL_POHTED

Inf	PrsSg1	PrsSg3	PrsDu1	PrsDu2	PrtSg1	PrtSg3	PrtPl3
a - e	a - a	a - a	a - ee	a - e	o - i	oo - ij	o - ii
i - e	i - á	i - á	i - ee	i - e	ii - i	ii - ij	i - ii
o - e	o - á	o - á	o - ee	o - e	u - i	uu - ij	u - ii
u - e	u - á	u - á	u - ee	u - e	u - i	uu - ij	u - ii

Comments:

• Stem vowel a -> á when i root vowel.
• Stem vowel lengthening

eeđ stems

  27 2SYLL_EED
   2 2SYLL_PAHHEED

inf	Sg1	Prs Sg1 trg	Sg3	Prs Sg3 trg	Pl3	Pl3 trg	Prt Sg1	Prt Sg1 trg	stem	yaml	contlex
jotteeđ	jođám	á%^WG	jotá	á	joteh	e%>h	juuttim	i%^VHIGH	jo%^RVt%^RC	+	2SYLL_EED
anneeđ	anam	á%^WG	ana	á	aneh	e%>h	oonnim	i%^VHIGH	a%^RVnn	+	2SYLL_EED
pahheeđ	pavam	á%^WG	paha	á%^CSH	paheh	e%^CSH%>h	poohim	i%^CSH%^VHIGH%^RLEN	pa%^RVhh	+	2SYLL_PAHHEED

Inf	Ex
a - ee	anneeđ
i - ee	itteeđ
o - ee	jotteeđ
u - ee	suđđeeđ

short root vowel

Inf	PrsSg1	PrsDu1	PrsDu2	Prt Sg1	PrtPl2
a - ee	a - a	a - ee	a - e	oo - i	o - i
i - ee	i - á	i - ee	i - e	oo - i	o - i
o - ee	o - a	o - ee	o - e	oo - i	o - i
u - ee	u - a	u - ee	u - e	oo - i	o - i

Notes

Long ee vs long oo

It seems we have long -oo when the stem vowel is -o or -u, and long -ee elsewhere.

Three-syllabic verbs

 554 3_CIELATTID
 488 3_LEKKASID
 425 3_KUIKETTID
 195 3_PUTESTID
 150 3_VYEJETTID
 124 3_COKKIITTID
  93 3_MERIDID
  54 3_ADELID

Quoting the documentation:

• 3_LEKKASID (no stem change)
• 3_CIELATTID (stem-final tt shortening) cielâttiđ: cielât Length change in stem: Consonant change only
• 3_VYEJETTID (2syll vow short in Inf, long in Sg3, 1st syll V lengthening) vyejettiđ vyejeet
• 3_PUTESTID (cns and vow lengthening) putestiđ: putteest Length change in stem: Short V in Inf (before V)
• 3_COKKIITTID (stem-final tt shortening + 2syll vow shortening cokkiittiđ cokkit.
  • difference in negation + Action Ess, Loc.. compared to 3_COKKIITTID)
  • Length change in stem: Long V in Inf (before C#).
• 3_KUIKETTID
• 3_MERIDID
• 3_ADELID
• 3_UTTID

Contracted verbs

 369 C_TUHHID
 353 C_TABAHTUD
 197 C_COKKAD
 147 C_RAMMUD
  35 C_PALLAD
   8 C_MERIDUD
   5 C_MERIDUDX
   1 C_HOLHOD
   1 C_CAALLUD

ád contracted verbs (C_COKKAD)

inf	Sg1	Sg3
čokkáđ	čokkáám	čokkáá
sáhháđ	áhháám	sáhháá

ađ contracted verbs (C_PALLAD)

Passes

iđ contracted verbs (C_TUHHID)

The -iđ verb is contract if 1.syll has a, i, o, u, or uo. When the 1.syll is e or ie the verb may be either contract or bisyllabic.

inf	Sg1	Sg3
salkkiđ	salkkiim	sälkkee
stelliđ	stelliim	stellee
toppiđ	toppiim	tuáppee
monniđ	monniim	mannee
tuhhiđ	tuhhiim	tohhee
staaviđ	staaviim	stäävee
rievviđ	rievviim	rievvee
luoddiđ	luoddiim	lyeddee

inf	Sg1	Sg3
e - i	e - ii	e - ee
i - i	i - ii	i - ee
ie - i	ie - ii	ie - ee
u - i	u - ii	o - ee

inf	Sg1	Sg3
a - i	a - ii	ä - ee
aa - i	aa - ii	ää - ee
o - i	o - ii	a - ee
o - i	o - ii	uá - ee
uo - i	uo - ii	ye - ee

1. salkkiđ: stem ä, change to a if 2nd syll vowel is i
2. tuhhiđ: stem o, change to u if 2nd syll vowel is i
3. toppiđ: stem uá, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is i
4. monniđ: stem a, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is i
5. staaviđ: stem ää, change to aa if 2nd syll vowel is i
6. luoddiđ: stem ye, change to uo if 2nd syll vowel is i

uđ contracted verbs (C_RAMMUD)

Stems in -uđ are contract, if 1. syll is a, i, o, u, uo or ie. Otherwise they are bisyllabic.

inf	Sg1	Sg3	stem	Inf	Sg3
rammuđ	rammuum	rámmoo	-	-	-
semmuđ	semmuum	siämmoo	-	-	-
possuđ	possuum	passoo	-	-	-
purruđ	purruum	porroo	-	-	-
tiettuđ	tiettuum	tiättoo	-	-	-
oinuđ	oinuum	uáinoo	uá	RVSH	-
puohtuđ	puohtuum	puáhtoo	uá	-	ok uo
ruáttuđ	ruáttuum	ruáttoo	u5á	-	does not work

• subst
  • uá + EWG = ye
  • u5á + EWG = uá
  • uá = uá
• verb
  • uá … > uđ = o
  • u5á … > uđ = uo
  • u5á5 … > uđ = uá

inf	Sg1	Sg3
a - u	a - uu	á - oo
e - u	e - uu	iä - oo
o - u	o - uu	a - oo
u - u	u - uu	o - oo
ie - u	ie - uu	iä - oo
uo - u	uo - uu	uá - oo
uá - u	uá - uu	uá - oo

1. rammuđ: stem á, change to a if 2nd syll vowel is u
2. semmuđ: stem iä, change to e if 2nd syll vowel is u
3. possuđ: stem a, change to o if 2nd syll vowel is u
4. purruđ: stem o, change to u if 2nd syll vowel is u
5. tiettuđ: stem iä, change to ie if 2nd syll vowel is u
6. puohtuđ: stem uá, change to uo if 2nd syll vowel is u
7. muássuđ: muássud is invariant

Four-syllabic verbs

 533 4_KAVNATTATTAD
  17 4_UHCAD
   8 4_ITTED

Auxiliaries

These ones we just list.