Inari Sámi NLP Grammar

Finite state and Constraint Grammar based analysers, proofing tools and other resources

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Inari Saami morphophonological rule file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Here we govern all morphophonological processes.

Alphabet

The Inari Saami letters

Accented letters, just in case

Literal quotes and angles must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries further down):

Archiphonemes

Then some more abstract archiphonemes These are dependent upon the Triggers in the next section

Triggers

These symbols govern the behaviour of the archiphonemes above.

Trigger ordering in twolc and lexc, from left to right:

{SV,ÁE,ÁI} {EA,EX,SC} {FCD ,VD} {WG,CSH} CLEN {VHIGH,VBACK} {RVSH,RLEN} {SLEN,SVSH} SVLOW

Morpheme boundaries:

Here we define the suffix border > The other borders are not used yet, but still defined:

End of alphabet definitions

Sets

Definition section

Introducing a WG right context WeakGrade = (RealVow:) [:RealVow |i6:] (Cns:) ([%^SV:|%^ÁI:](%^ÁE:)) (%^FCD:) %^WG:0 ;

As we look at more cases, the WeakGrade definition tends to be longer. We want to keep it short, but we want the code to work Thus, we document.

Rule section

First we list the consonant rules, thereafter the vowel ones.

Consonant rules

Consonant gradation and shortening rules

First gradation and shortening. They are in the same rules, to avoid rule conflicts.

**RULE: x:y consonant gradation ** = WG gives x:x and x:y, when there is no consonant lengthening

RULE: hh:vv = já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI : jäävvil

**RULE: t:đ, also tk4:đh gradation, part 1 ** =

RULE: k4:h gradation for kk4, tk4, rkk4, lkk4 =

RULE: xx:yy gradation for xx4 = puáhhoin, sukk4á:suhháást

RULE: t4:đ and c4, č4, p4 gradation for tt:đ etc. čuottâlm:čuođâlm njuottâs

RULE: ht:vt, ks:vs etc. gradation = ht:vt, we use h

Consonant shortening rules

RULE: k:0 gradation and shortening for xkk4 = for lkk4, rkk4, vkk4

RULE: xyy:xy gradation A = há%^RVi4ttás%^ÁI 1) WG 2) CSH !he%^RVi4ttug 3)

RULE: č:0 in čč4 consonant gradation when CLEN = when čč4

RULE: From i4j to j when WG and CSH = e.g. sai4joos:sajoos 1) when WG 2) when CSH 3) ?

RULE: xx:x consonant gradation and shortening and x:x shortening = weak grade or consonant shortening (Both in same rule) 1) when WG 2) when CSH

Tests:

RULE: tt:t - final consonant and consonant gradation = consonant gradation, and 3syll verbs in -tt lose t in front of cns-initial suff 1) WG, not CLEN 2) CSH 3) uáivátt : uáivát 4) olášuttem:olášutmân 5) uáiváátt>ân uáiváátân 6) uápásmittijm>uápásmitijm

RULE: nnj to nj shortening weak grade and consonant shortening = special rule, e.g. konnjâl -> konjâlân puánnjá

RULE: Word final consonant deletion = for vaskâm:vaaskâ

RULE: Final m in stems, smm to sm = 1) puttáás_min 2) stoorgâs_mân sto%^RVrgâsm

RULE: Wordfinal consonants part 1 e%^RVlâčč 1) 2)jurdâččmân:jurdâšmân ju%^RVrdâčč%^RLEN%>mân 3) šš>š in hárávušš>vetteđ

Consonant lengthening rules

RULE: Lengthening of half-long root consonant x:xx = riččá piiru piirrun niisu niissun

RULE: Quality change of root consonant x:yy = consonant lengthening after WG, changing h:v, p:v, c:s

RULE: Lengthening of root consonant x:yy = consonant lengthening after WG - h:vv, p:vv, c:ss

RULE: Lengthening of consonant h5 = this one does not fit into the general rule because of h5:h

TEST:

RULE: č:ij part 1 =

RULE: Lengthening root consonant j:ij 1 = for saje:saijeen

RULE: č:ij and j:ij part 2 =

Tests:

RULE: nj to nnj consonant lengthening = special rule, suánju : suánnjun for Par and Ess

RULE: Consonant lengthening after xx:x and xy:zy weak grade with x4 on upper side = k4, č, p4 kukse:kuvssijn

RULE: Consonant lengthening xy:xyy ( fix: døp Cz om til Cx)

Stem consonant and suffix consonant rules

RULE: Assimilation of consonants t d š delet t in front of -ttáá, avoid -tttáá

RULE: Wordfinal consonants part 2 e%^RVlâčč cummâlâhč:cummâlâhš

RULE: Final consonant x:xx = pottáák potákkân

RULE: Clitic devoicing = for focus particle bá to pá after unvoiced stem cns.

RULE: Gerund devoicing = dijn to tijn after stems in tšs

Vowel rules

First syllable vowel shortening rules

Tests:

RULE: Vowel shortening VV:V (e in own rule) = ráávhu- : rávhoid, käähir%^CSH%>id kuuđiâ%^RVSH%>žân

  1. essee : esseid, suklaa : suklaid

RULE: Long vowel shortening = (example?), no ^CSH, since that gives Vy:0 3syll kaavpug:kavpugân táálhudem koomerdem

RULE: e:0 in passive and elsewhere
2st stems kaavpug:kavpugân táálhudem koomerdem

  1. essee : esseid, suklaa : suklaid

Tests:

RULE: e:0 in passive and elsewhere = special rule for getting ej̣ittáá instead of ej̣ittáá.

RULE: Underlying long vowel shortening iä:e and ää:ä or a = čääh%^RCu2%^CLEN%^VBACK%>um

3st stems viäskár veskirin, časkes časkes ča%^RVskas%^ÁE viäskár%^ÁI%^WG%^RVSH

First syllable vowel lengthening rules

RULE: Root vowel lenghtening in many stems = no rootvowel length if stem vowel lengthens and the consonantcentre consists of two or more consonants 2syll and 3syll

RULE: Root vowel o5:u = puhtii

RULE: Root vowel ä:ää lenghtening and diphthongisation e:iä = special rule, for avoiding conflict spä%^RVi4lih%^WG%^RLEN, 1) vä%^RVr%^RCid 2) 3)já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN> 4) 5) e:iä, ergi -> iärgán 6) too much here? 7) čevžuin čiävžui če%^RVvžui4%^WG>

RULE: Root vowel o lengthening = alge : oolgijn 1) 2) 3) 5) toovâd moonnum poovtám o5o

RULE: Root vowel u lengthening with vowel change before suffix i = alge : oolgijn 1) 2) 3) 4) puuvtijd 5) juuttu>m 5) juuttâl

First syllable vowel change rules

All instances of the same vowel alternation are in the same rule.

a rules

RULE: Root vowel change a:o before suffix i and for contract verbs = alge : olgijn contr contr

o rules

RULE: Root vowel o:u for contract verbs and Root vowel change o:u before suffix i and stem vowel o:u sometimes juttuum ? alge : olgijn, remove đ because of inf. XXX ny XXX ny 1) poccuu puásui
([%^RLEN:|%^RVSH:]) (%^SLEN:) [%>|.#.] 5) jutâlâm juuttâl

ä rules

RULE: Monophthongisation rule iä:ee 1 =
1) 2)viäskár veeskir iäbbár eebir estuđ

**RULE: iä:e rule 1 and second syllable Fleeting vowel before suffix ** = Note: many rules in one 1) i:0 for iđ C verbs 2) i:0 for uđ C verbs melluu 4) cokkiitt%^CLEN%^RLEN%^SLEN%>mân

RULE: iä:e and iä:ee rule 2 and Diphthongisation i5ä to ie =
estuđ kiä5ptu2 > kieptuđ

RULE: Different rules for ä:a, first vowel (or only vowel) = čääci:čassijn, läbži:labžijn lään^RCi%>id OBS ^EA -> VHIGH?

RULE: ää to aa, second vowel = á:o in pairs like kuátij -> koođij, säämi -> saamij čäällu%^VBACK%>m lään^RCi%>id viäskár:veeskir viäskár%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN paaccim čaallum

RULE: ää to áá and á0 in Illative and Sg3 = … for säämi > sáámán :á XXX sámásis njálmásis

:á

RULE: äRV to áá in Illative and Sg3 = … for täsni -> táásnán čevžuin čiävžui RLEN

**RULE: Vowel lengthening äRV to aa ** = äigi aaigijd kä%^RVlgâ%^WG%^VBACK%^RLEN%>m

á rules

RULE: Root vowel change for á to ä with i in second syllable = päävir , já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN>

RULE: Root and stem vowel á:a for verbs

á and uá rules

**RULE: Monophthongisation rule uá:o0 part 2: Vowel shortening for uá ** = for uábbi -> obbijn čuál%^RCi%^WG%>in tuái4jâl%^CSH%^VBACK%^RVSH%>âm sopâvetteđ tojâdâm uáinu

RULE: Monophthongisation rule u:o and root vowel change u:o, special rule for olmooš and contract verbs = ulmu : olmooš, olmožin, carefully with only initial vowel oođđim
sopâvetteđ tojâdâm puáhháá : poovij ! XXX

RULE: Diphthong rule uá:uo and uá:oo, part 2 =
uá > uo uá > uo

RULE: Root vowel aa:áá in C-stems with stemvowel u, part 1 = ahhu:áhu

RULE: Root vowel aa:áá in C-stems with stemvowel u, part 2 = ahhu:ááhu

**RULE: Diphthongisation e to iä, part 1 ** =
ergi:iärgán eeč^RCi^EA^CLEN^RVSH>s čevžuin čiävžui če%^RVvžui4%^WG> peeh%^RCá%^VHIGH> peeh%^RC piävu>s piähho>on piäváččii not meendu veerrá%^EA%^CSH> SV: mánuttep : mánuttiäpán

RULE: ie to iä in Illative and Sg3 = kiem´ni -> kiämnán, veerdi : viärdán peerru2%^CLEN%^VHIGH%^RVSH%>o čevžuin čiävžui piähhoo eellá%^CSH%^VHIGH PrfPrc Err/Orth

RULE: Diphthongisation uo:uá =

RULE: ye to uá and uo, part 1 = Part 1 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuálán
syej%^RCi%^RVSH%^CLEN%>in [i|Cns]; ryettâ^WG^VBACK^RLEN>m

RULE: e to á in ye to uá, part 2 and Stem vowel e to á for other root vowel = Part 2 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuálán *ryetáim: *ryetáim:

RULE: ye to uo, part 2 = Part 2 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuolijn

RULE: uá to ye and uo to ye, part 1 = Part 1 luámmán : lyeme čuággás%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN%>

RULE: uá to ye, part 2 = Part 2 luámmán : lyeme

RULE: uo to ye, part 2 = vyelleen, vyeleem,vyelih

Second syllable rules

RULE: Second syllable vowel change á to e or i in 3syll stems = puttás- > putes, triggers are ^ÁE and ^ÁI já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN%> pu5árrás%^ÁI%^WG%>umos

Test:

RULE: Stemvowel shortening áá and aa to e or i in 3syll = puttás- > putes, triggers are ^ÁE and ^ÁI

Tests:

RULE: Stem vowel e to a for a root vowel. = alge to aalgan

Tests:

RULE: Stem vowel i to á for other root vowel. = e.g. säämi > Ill sáámán SV uábbám iännásis

RULE: Stem vowel i to â for other root vowel, as a common error. = e.g. säämi > Ill Err/Orth sáámân

RULE: Stem vowel i to e in front of j =

RULE: Stem vowel â to a in Pl Nom -h = silbâ to siilbah %^WG%^RLEN%>hlove%>h

RULE: Stem vowel â to á change before i = sollâ to sooláid

RULE: Stem vowel i3:0 =

RULE: Stem vowel u:o change before suffix =
1) olmooš, olmožin 2)

RULE: Stem vowel u2:o change before suffix =
SVLOW together with u?

RULE: Second vowel shortening = eemeed : emedân, savvoon : savo eemeed : emedân sai4joos

Tests

RULE: Stem vowel:0 in front of â = aiguu:aaigâ

RULE: Stem â deleting = kandâ:kandii … built without ^FVD (sigh)

RULE: Word final vowel deletion = This unfortunately both for word and stem vowel deletion just now.

Tests:

Suffix vowel rules

RULE: Suffix vowel lengthening = long á in kissáást, nuorâ : nuorááin, hyeni:hyeneest

Tests

RULE: Suffix i5:j for lexicon APINA = salijn

RULE: Suffix i5:0 for loanwords = timotein, Charlien, not timoteiin, Chariliein, change (invariant) i5 to something else?

RULE: Suffix i:j for i and e-stems =

RULE: Vowel copy in suffix = for imperative Sg3, at least

Suffix consonant rules

RULE: Adjective illative in -vân after u =

RULE: Shortening u for vân illative =

RULE: Potential vowel shortening for contract verbs = -áážep becomes -áš etc.

RULE: Insertion of pleonastic hyphen = for compounding of two vowels stovli-ijâ

Tests:

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc