Skolt Sámi TWOLC file

giellalt/lang-sms

Skolt Sámi TWOLC file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Introduction

The twolc rule file for Skolt Saami is divided into 5 main sections:

1. Alphabets, Sets and Definitions
2. Consonant shift rules (tbw)
3. Vowel alternation rules
4. Consonant gradation rules
5. Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

Alphabets, sets and definitions

Alphabet

Regular letters:

* a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* ä å â õ
* Ä Å Â Õ
* č ǩ ǯ ǧ ž đ ǥ ʒ š ŋ
* Č Ǩ Ǯ Ǧ Ž Đ Ǥ Ʒ Š Ŋ
* ẹ Pedagogical purposes
* Ẹ Pedagogical purposes
* 
* æ ø ö á é í
* Æ Ø Ö Á
* É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ù Ì Ë Ü Ï Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý þ Ñ Ð
* é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï ê ô û î ã ý þ ñ ð ß ª ß ç

Orthographic, suprasegmental markers:

• ʹ - MODIFIER LETTER PRIME: U+02B9 suprasegmental palatization
• ʼ - MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE: U+02BC Syllable marker that appears in writing
• ˈ - MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE: U+02C8 as overlong consonant marker that does not appear in writing except for pedagogical purposes

Symbol pairs for consonant lengthening:

• %{XC%}:m
• %{XC%}:n
• %{XC%}:v
• %{XC%}:d
• %{XC%}:r
• %{XC%}:l
• %{XC%}:k
• %{XC%}:ǥ
• %{XC%}:s
• %{XC%}:š
• %{XC%}:z
• %{XC%}:ž

Symbol pairs for vowel length:

• %{õuØ%}:0

Symbol pairs for vowel height, by default vowels are low:

• %{õu%}:õ
• %^1VOW:0 - Vow dummy i^1VOW>ii, ẹ^1VOW>ẹẹ, a^1VOW>aa, å^1VOW>åå

Trigger symbols:

• %^Pen:0 - for combinations 2015-09-28 Miikka
• %^RmVow:0 - for removing vowels e, â, a before final consonant in stem
• %^UltRmVow:0 - for removing vowels e, â, a after final consonant in stem
• %^RmCns:0 - for removing stem final consonant, e.g. final z in ǩeeʹstes:ǩeâsttez ǩeâstta
• %^VOWLower:0 - i>e, õ>â, â>ä, u>o, o>å
• %^VOWRaise:0 - e>i, ä>e
• %^U2Õ:0 - lowers u>õ
• %^PAL:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALNo:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALI:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALE:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÄ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALẸ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÂ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÕ:0 - Palatalisation

Penultimate Palatalisation

• %^PALK:0 - causes k:ǩ and g:ǧ and ǥ:j

Miscellaneous triggers:

• %^VC:0 Voicing s:z š:ž
• %^Br:0 break rule, e.g. eʹč^Br>{ʼØ}č
• %^1NoHyph:0 rule requiring disallow for missing hyphen

CHARACTERISTIC BREAKDOWN 2015-02-17

• %^Allegro:0 - Allegro in general shortens consonant and preceding vowel
• %^VV2V:0 - Shortens vowel
• %^V2VV:0 - Lengthens vowel
• %^CC2C:0 - Shortens consonant
• %^CC2CAllegro:0 - Shortens consonant and preceding vowel
• %^C2CC:0 - Lengthens consonant
• %^CC2CCC:0 - Strong to Extra Strong consonant
• %^CCC2C:0 - Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CAllegro:0 - Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CC:0 - Extra Strong to Strong consonant
• %^YXX2YX:0 - Shortens consonant cluster
• %^YXX2VX:0 - Consonant cluster to vowel and consonant sijdd:siid
• %^YXX2VXX:0 - Consonant cluster to vowel and geminate uvdd:ouʹdd
• %^YXX2IX:0 - Consonant cluster to i and consonant kueʹhtt:kueiʹt
• %^VX2YXX:0 - Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^VXX2YXX:0 - Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^KK2ZERO:0 - nââʹer
• %^KKK2ZERO:0 - jeeʹel
• %^KKK2GG:0 - Geminate weakening
• %^KKK2G:0 - Strong Geminate allegro
• %^KK2GG:0 - Geminate weakening jokk:jooǥǥ
• %^KK2GAllegro:0 - Geminate weakening in allegro pååss:påz
• %^K2GG:0 - Geminate weakening čårrõs:čårrõõzz
• %^K2GAllegro:0 - Geminate weakening in allegro čâustõk

Removal of suprasegmentals

• %{ʹØ%}:0 - This is modifier letter prime
• %{ʼØ%}:0 - used between l, n, j and subsequent j and elsewhere
• %{ˈ1%}:0 - This is modifier letter verticle line after diphthongs

This introduces vertical bar after diphth before consonants

• %^Allegro:0 This introduces vertical bar after diphth before consonants

Various semi-vowel alternations

• %^J2I:0 in tuâjj:tuâi
• %^I2J:0 in agent names
• %^I2Zero:0 in agent names

More triggers, possibly realised as a segment:

• X3:0 causes weak grade
• %{VU%}:u used with stuuʹl
• %^IMPSG2:0
• %^INDPRSSG3:0
• %^PenVow2a:0 Changes penultimate vowel to a; e:a â:a

Hyphen at compound word boundary

Literal quotes and angles must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries below):

• »
• «
• <

Morpheme boundaries:

• Derivational prefix
• Derivational suffix
• Inflectional prefix
• Inflectional suffix
• Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds
• (exceptional) soft hyphenation point
• Hyphen for question particle
• Compounding rules

End of alphabet definitions

Sets

• Cns = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoV = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoJ = b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H K L M N P Q R S T V W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• Vow = a e ẹ i o u å ä â õ A E Ẹ I O U Å Ä Â Õ ;

• VowNoIU = a e ẹ o å ä â õ A E Ẹ O Å Ä Â Õ ;

• CNoJV = b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H K L M N P Q R S T W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoDLRZ = b c f g h j k m n p q s t v w x z đ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C F G H J K M N P Q S T V W X Z Đ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• Ltrs = Vow Cns ;

• Dummy = %^PAL %^PALE %^PALẸ %^PALÕ %^PALÄ %^PALK %^CC2C %^CCC2C %^CCC2CC %^YXX2IX %^YXX2YX %^KK2GG %^YXX2VX %^KKK2GG %^KKK2ZERO %^C2CC %^J2I %^Pen %^V2VV %^VOWLower %^RmVow %^PenVow2a %^RmCns %^VC %^V2VV %^VOWRaise %^VOWSH %^K2GG %> ; - triggers in Sg.Nom and Sg.Gen (Note word-final right arrow bracket 2024-01-10)

Definitions

Short consonant cluster

Onset consonant or word boundary OnSetC = [[%{XC%}:Cns\|Cns:Cns] (Cns:\|%{XC%}:Cns) \|.#.\|#:\|%>\](») ;

Penultimate consonant PenUltCns = [Cns:\](%{XC%}:) ;

following morpheme or word boundary

* RBound = [ (∑) #: |.#.|%>|»|%-] ;

possible triggers before VOWLower and VOWRaise

neutral to vowel length

neutral to vowel height and backness

possible triggers before PALE PALÄ

possible triggers between stem and PALNo and PAL

possible triggers between vowel length and consonant grade

NeutrVowHeightDiphPalAllegroPAL = [ (%^VOWRaise:\|%^VOWLower:) ( ((%^PALÂ:\|%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PALNo:\|%^VOWLower: %^PALÄ:\|(%^PALÕ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PAL:)\| (%^Allegro:) (%^PALÕ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÂ:) (%^PALNo:\](%^PAL:) ) ) ;

possible triggers between word end and consonant grade

possible triggers between vowel length and Palatalization BetweenVowLengthAndPALNo = [(%^VOWLower:\|%^VOWRaise:) (%^PALÄ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÕ:\](%^PALÂ:) ) ;

BetweenVowHeightAndConsGrade = [((%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PAL:\|(%^PALÂ:\](%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PALNo:)) ;

BetweenStemAndRightArrow = [NeutrVowLengthHeightDiphPalAllegroPAL BetweenPALNoAndMorphRightArrow] ;

Penultimate vowel centers possible triggers before VOWLower and VOWRaise

PenBetweenStemAndStemFinalVoicing = [PenBetweenStemAndVowelLoss (%^RmVow:\](%^PenVow2a:)) ;

PenBetweenPALNoAndMorph = [(%^Pen: [(%^Allegro:) %^CC2C:\|(%^Allegro:) %^CC2CAllegro:]\|%^Pen: %^C2CC:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2YX:\|%^Pen: %^KK2GG:\|%^Pen: %^CC2CCC:\|%^Pen: %^CCC2C:\|%^Pen: %^CCC2CC:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2VX:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2VXX:\](%^Pen: %^KKK2GG:) RBound ) ;

used in compounding Cmp/SgNom and Cmp/SgGen SgNomGen = [((%^PALE: %^PAL:) %^CCC2C:\|(%^PALE: %^PAL:) %^CCC2CC:\|%^PALẸ:\|[%^PALE:\|%^PALÕ:] %^PAL: %^YXX2IX:\|[%^PALẸ:\|%^PALE:] %^PAL: %^YXX2YX:\|((%^PALE:) %^PAL:) %^KK2GG:\|(%^PALE:) %^PAL:\| ((%^PALE:) %^PAL:) (%^J2I:) %^CC2C:\](%^PAL: %^YXX2VX:));

neutral to consonant length

CNeutrGrade = [([(%^Allegro:) %^CC2C:\|(%^Allegro:) %^CC2CAllegro:] \|[%^C2CC:] \|%^CC2CCC: \|%^KK2GG: \|%^KKK2GG: \|%^YXX2VX: \|%^YXX2VXX:\](%^CCC2CC: )) ;

neutral to vowel and consonant length

NeutrGrade = [VNeutrGrade \](CNeutrGrade) ;

NoVowRaise = \[ %^VOWRaise: \| #]* [#\](.#.) ;

NoCnsDummy = \[ %^CC2C: \| %^CCC2C: \| %^CCC2CC: \| %^YXX2IX: \| %^YXX2YX: \| %^KK2GG: \| %^YXX2VX: \| %^KKK2GG: \| %^KKK2ZERO: \| %^C2CC: \| %^J2I: \| %^RmCns: \| %^K2GG: \]( # )* ;

SurfaceDiphthong = [ :e :ä \| :e :â \| :i :õ \| :i :â \| :i :e \| :i :ẹ \| :u :â \| :u :õ \| :u :å \| :u :ä \| :u :e \]( :u :ẹ ) ;

• X3 = C Vx Cx Cx C Vx Vy Cx ˈ Cx
• X2 = C Vx Vx Cx Cx C Vx Vy Cx Cx
• X1 = C Vx Vx Cx C Vx Vy Cx

Rules

Vowel shortening rules

Vowel shortening â:0 - used in

čââʹđ+N+Sg+Ill: heart/sydän

-â ǩeʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg: cook/keittää

• ǩeâ{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PALI^PAL
• ǩi0ʹtt0000

Vowel shortening ẹ:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 teevvad+V+Ind+Prt+Sg4:

• tẹẹvv^VV2V^VOWRaise>uš
• ti0vv00>uš

Vowel shortening e:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

eʹǩrded+V+Inf

• eeʹǩǩerd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• e0ʹǩ00rd00000>ed

Âʹvvel+N+Prop+Sg+Loc Ivalo

• Âʹvvel^RmVow>e>st
• Âʹvv0l0>e>st

Jouste

Vowel shortening å:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 jååʹtted+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3 trekk

• jåå{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PAL>e

• jo0ʹtt000>e låʹǧsted

• lååʹǧǧest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• lå0ʹǧ00st00000>ed

sååbbar+N+Sg+Nom meeting

• så^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV
• sååbbar00

-å

Vowel shortening õ:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^PAL>e
• mõ0ʹnn00>e
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• čõõnâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• čõ0n0st000>ed tõiŋsǩed+V+Inf
• tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• tõ0iŋ0sǩ0000>ed
• ★tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed (is not standard language)
• ★tõ0iŋ0sk0000>ed (is not standard language)

kõõnjâl+N+Sg+Gen tear

• kõ^1VOWnnjâl
• kõ0nnjâl

-õ

Vowel shortening u:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

mainstummuš+N+Sg+Ill: story telling/tarinointi

• mainstummuš^RmVow>a
• mainstumm0š0>a

juurd+N+Ess thought

• ju^1VOWrdd>{ʼØ}j>en
• ju0rdd>0j>en

Oulu

Vowel shortening i:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 viikkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3

• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL^PALK>e
• ve0ʹǩǩ0000>e viikkâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• vẹ00kk00>az
• ★vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower>az (is not standard language)
• ★vẹẹ0kk00>az (is not standard language) iilâsǩ:ilska

prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla

• prääʹznik^RmVow^PALNo>a

• prääʹzn0k00>a

• žẹẹvai^RmVow^I2Zero>ǥa
• žẹẹv0000>ǥa

+Sg+Ill N_HÕʹPPI

• hõʹppi^UltRmVow>ǥa
• hõʹpp00>ǥa

Vowel shortening o:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 šoomm+N+Sg+Ill

• šoomm^VV2V^VOWRaise>u
• šu0mm00>u ponjsted+V+Inf
• poonjâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• po0nj0st000>ed poorrâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• poo{ʹØ}rr^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• på00rr00>az

ooccâd+V+Imprt+Pl3

• oo{ʹØ}cc^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• å00cc00>az

ooumaž+N+Sg+Nom

• o^1VOWumm^V2VV^YXX2YX>až
• ooum000>až -o

**Vowel shortening a:0 ** - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

• saa{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^PAL^PALK>e

• sa0ʹǩǩ000>e

• maainâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• ma0in0st000>ed

Aanar+N+Prop+Sg+Ill: Inari/Enare

• Aanar^RmVow>a
• Aan0r0>a

mättʼted+V+Inf: teach/opettaa

• mätta0t^RmVow>ed
• mätt0ʼt0>ed

-a

Vowel shortening ä:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

%{ʼØ%} for modifier letter apostrophe - jieʹlli+N+Ess animal/eläin

• jieʹll{ʼØ}i^I2J>en

• jieʹllʼj0>en

• koll>{ʼØ}j>ed
• koll>ʼj>ed
• ★koll>{ʼØ}j>ed (is not standard language)
• ★koll>0j>ed (is not standard language)
• valmštõõll{ʼØ}i^I2J>i
• valmštõõllʼj0>i piânnai+N+Ess: dog/koira
• piâ{ʹØ}nˈn^CCC2CC>{ʼØ}j>en
• piâ0n0n0>ʼj>en
• jieʹll{ʼØ}i^I2J>e>st
• jieʹllʼj0>e>st

-ä

Vowel shortening y:0 - used in PX -y

Vowel shortening ö:0 - used in PX -ö

ZERO to syllable mark 0:ʼ, same as modifier letter apostrophe - used in zeeʹtt+N+Sg+Abe: zeeʹttʼtää mättʼted+V+Inf: teach/opettaa

• mätta0t^RmVow>ed
• mätt0ʼt0>ed pueʹtted+V+Der/jed+Der/Caus+V+Der/NomAct+N+Ess:
• puä{ʹØ}t0t^CC2CCC>a0t^RmVow>em^RmVow>en
• puä0tˈt0>0ʼt0>0m0>en
• ★puä{ʹØ}t0t^CC2CCC>at^RmVow>em^RmVow>en (is not standard language)
• ★puä0tˈt0>0t0>0m0>en (is not standard language) tåpsʼsted+V+Inf:
• tååpsa0st^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed

• tå0ps0ʼst0000>ed

• ijss>0sa

• ijss>ʼsa

• kåčč>0čem

• kåčč>ʼčem

• a^1VOWutt^V2VV^YXX2YX>0taa

• aaut000>ʼtaa

• taaurõ^1VOWš{XC}^C2CC>0ses
• taaurõ0šš0>ʼses

Vowel alternation rules

VOWEL SHIFT

RAISING

deriving +Ind+Prt+Sg1, +Ind+Prt+Sg2 +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in teevvad:tivvu

Vowel raising o:u - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu

• šoomm^VV2V^VOWRaise>u
• šu0mm00>u

Vowel raising %{õu%}:u - Adding tõlvvad+V+Pass+PrfPrc:

• t{õu}{õuØ}lvv^VOWRaise>um
• tu0lvv0>um

Vowel raising å:o - Adding

kåbllad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3

• kå^1VOWbll^VOWRaise>u

• ko0bll0>u

• kåå{ʹØ}pp^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>in
• kooʹv0000>in
• kå^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL>in
• kooʹll000>in

Vowel raising e:i - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu

reâugg+N+Sg+Ill

• reâugg^VOWRaise>u
• riõugg0>u pieʹhssed+V+Inf: **
• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL>ed
• pieʹh0ss000>ed mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Nom: milk/maito
• meâ{ʹØ}lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^PALK

• mieʹlǩǩ0000

• jeä{ʹØ}gˈg^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^CCC2CC^PALK
• jiẹʹǧ0ǧ00000
• beâ{ʹØ}sˈs^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CCC2CC
• bieʹs0s0000
• ceägˈg^VOWRaise>u
• ciâgˈg0>u cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Ill: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä
• ceä{ʹØ}kˈkes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC^PALK
• ciẹʹǩ0ǩes0000000

Vowel raising ẹ:i - used in

• pẹ^1VOWss^VOWRaise>u
• pi0ss0>u
• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV^VOWRaise>už
• piiss00>už
• tẹẹvv^VV2V^VOWRaise>uš
• ti0vv00>uš peigg+N+Sg+Ill
• ★pẹ^1VOWigg^VOWRaise^VXX2YXX>u (is not standard language)
• ★pẹ0jgg00>u (is not standard language)

Vowel raising â:õ - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu mââʹnn+N+Pl+Acc: egg/muna

• mââ{ʹØ}nn^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>id
• mõõʹn0000>id pââʹjj+N+Pl+Gen
• pââ{ʹØ}jj^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>i
• põõʹj0000>i
• ★pââ{ʹØ}jj^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>i (is not standard language)
• ★pââʹj0000>i (is not standard language) čâʹlmm+N+Pl+Acc: eye/silmä
• čâ^1VOW{ʹØ}lmm^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX>id
• čõõʹlm00000>id kââʹǩǩed+V+Act+PrsPrc+Sg+Nom: rub/hangata
• kââ{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PAL^PALK>i
• kõõʹǩǩ000>i
• ★kââ{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PAL^PALK>i (is not standard language)
• ★kââʹǩǩ000>i (is not standard language)
• ruâk0k^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• ruõkˈk00>u
• čuâkˈk^VOWRaise>u
• čuõkˈk0>u kuâsˈsad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3
• kuâsˈs^VOWRaise>u
• kuõsˈs0>u reâugg+N+Sg+Ill
• reâugg^VOWRaise>u
• riõugg0>u veârrad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3
• veâr0r^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• viõrˈr00>u ǩeâikk+N+Sg+Ill: **
• ǩeâikk^VOWRaise>u
• ǩiõikk0>u pieʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Sg1
• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PAL>em
• piõʹh0ss00>em

Diphthong raising beginning with u ä:å - kuärŋŋad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3

• kuärŋŋ^VOWRaise>u
• kuårŋŋ0>u
• ★kuärŋŋ^VOWRaise>u (is not standard language)
• ★kuõrŋŋ0>u (is not standard language)

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:â - reäkkad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3

• reäk0k^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• riâkˈk00>u ǩeäinn+N+Sg+Ill: road/tie
• ǩeäinn^VOWRaise>u
• ǩiâinn0>u
• ★ǩeäinn^VOWRaise>u (is not standard language)
• ★ǩiäinn0>u (is not standard language)

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:e - used in

• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000
• mõõnn^VV2V^CC2CAllegro»škuä{ʹØ}t0t^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>iǩ
• mõ0n000»škueʹtˈt0000>iǩ

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:ẹ - used in

• čuä{ʹØ}ckkes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX^Pen^PALK
• čuẹʹcǩ0es00000000
• suä{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^KK2GG^PALK
• suẹʹjj00000 vuẹ’ddes+N+Sg+Nom: root/juuri
• vuä{ʹØ}dˈdes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC
• vuẹʹd0des000000

diphthong backing beginning with u ä:õ - used in

• jeä{ʹØ}l0l^VOWRaise^PALÕ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• jiõʹlˈl0000>e

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong raising beginning with ä:a u - deriving läullad > laullum

• rääuh^VOWRaise>u
• raauh0>u
• ä^1VOWldd^VOWRaise>u
• a0ldd0>u
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^YXX2YX>u
• aald0000>u čääʹcc+N+Pl+Acc water
• čää{ʹØ}cc^VOWRaise^PAL^KK2GG>id
• čaaʹʒʒ000>id mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2VX>i
• maa0uʹs00000>i
• ★mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2VX>i (is not standard language)
• ★mää0uʹs00000>i (is not standard language) mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PAL>e
• ma0ʹh0ss00>e
• ★mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PAL>e (is not standard language)
• ★mä0ʹh0ss00>e (is not standard language)

  LOWERING

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering o:å - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in poorrâd poorrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 eat/syödä

• poo{ʹØ}rr^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• på0ʹrr000>e poorrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 eat/syödä
• poo{ʹØ}rr^VOWLower
• påå0rr0 juʹrdded+V+Cond+Sg1: joordčem juʹrdded > joordam

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering i:e - viǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 fetch/noutaa

• vi^1VOW{ʹØ}ǯǯ^VOWLower^PAL>e
• ve0ʹǯǯ00>e viikkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL^PALK>e
• ve0ʹǩǩ0000>e

siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä

• siõ{ʹØ}r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e
• siõ{ʹØ}rr^VOWLower
• seâ0rr0
• ★siõ{ʹØ}rr^VOWLower (is not standard language)
• ★siâ0rr0 (is not standard language) jiõuǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• jiõu{ʹØ}ǯǯ^VOWLower
• jeâu0ǯǯ0 jiõuǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• jiõu{ʹØ}ǯǯ^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL>e
• jeäuʹǯǯ000>e

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• ceäkˈkaz0000

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering i:ẹ ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3 in viǯǯâd viǯǯâd+V+Imprt+Sg2 **fetch/noutaa

• vi^1VOW{ʹØ}ǯǯ^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• vẹẹ0ǯǯ00>as viikkâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• vẹ00kk00>az

Vowel lowering a:ä -

mään+N+Sg+Nom: moon/kuu

• ma^1VOWnn^V2VV^VOWLower^CC2C
• mään0000
• ★ma^1VOWnn^V2VV^VOWLower^CC2C (is not standard language)
• ★maan0000 (is not standard language)
• ka^1VOW{ʹØ}gg^VOWLower^PAL^PALK>e
• kä0ʹǧǧ000>e

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering u:o - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in uʹvdded

uʹvdded+V+Cond+Pl3 to give

• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2VX>{ʼØ}če
• oo0u0d0000>0če uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^VOWLower^YXX2VXX
• o00u0dd00 vuʹvll+N+Sg+Ill: voulla
• vu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ll^VOWLower^YXX2VXX>a
• vo00u0ll00>a puʹhtted+V+Cond+Pl3 to give
• pu^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^VOWLower
• po00h0tt0

kuullâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 hear/kuulla

• kuu{ʹØ}ll^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• ko0ʹll000>e juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}rdd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2YX>am
• joo0rd0000>am juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 think
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}rdd^VOWLower^PAL>e
• jo0ʹrdd00>e

stuuʹl+N+Sg+Ill: chair/tuoli

• stu^1VOW{VU}{ʹØ}l^V2VV^VOWLower>a
• stoou0l00>a juʹrdded+V+Cond+Sg1: joordčem juʹrdded > joordam

puuʹttes+A+Sg+Gen: bright/kirkas

• pu^1VOWttes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• po0ttaz0000
• ★pu^1VOWttes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC (is not standard language)
• ★pu0ttaz0000 (is not standard language)

suukkâd+V+Imprt+Sg3: row/soutaa

• suu{ʹØ}kk^VOWLower^KK2GG>as
• soo0ǥǥ00>as

**Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering u:õ ** - deriving čuʹǩǩ+N+Err/Orth+Der/Dimin+N+Dimin+Sg+Nom

• ču^1VOW{ʹØ}kk^V2VV^U2Õ>až
• čõõ0kk00>až

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering õ:â ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in viǯǯâd riõkkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 **to whip

• riõ{ʹØ}kˈk^VOWLower
• reâ0kˈk0 jiõuǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• jiõu{ʹØ}ǯǯ^VOWLower
• jeâu0ǯǯ0 mõõnnâd+V+IV+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VOWLower^CC2C>as
• mââ0n000>as võõidâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3:
• võõi{ʹØ}d^VOWLower
• vââi0d0

vââid+N+Sg+Nom: **

• võ^1VOWidd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2YX
• vââid0000 kuõskkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• kuõ{ʹØ}skk^VOWLower
• kuâ0skk0 juõiggâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• juõi{ʹØ}gg^VOWLower
• juâi0gg0

Diphthongs

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening after u å:ä - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in kuåccâd kuäʹcce = a>ä lowering clockwise kuåccâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3

• kuå{ʹØ}c0c^VOWLower^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• kuäʹcˈc000>e puäj+N+Sg+Nom
• puåjˈj^VOWLower^CCC2C
• puäj0000
• ★puåjˈj^VOWLower^CCC2C (is not standard language)
• ★puåj0000 (is not standard language)
• kuå{ʹØ}kk^VOWLower^PAL^CC2CCC^PALK>e
• kuäʹǩǩ0000>e
• šuå{ʹØ}tkk^VOWLower^PAL^PALK>e
• šuäʹtǩǩ000>e

Vowel in second syllable e:a - deriving cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: ceäkˈkaz cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• ceäkˈkaz0000 puuʹttes+A+Sg+Gen

**Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening i:e â:ä for â:ä ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in čiõkkâd

• vuâinn^VOWLower
• vuäinn0 tieʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 know/tietää
• teâ{ʹØ}tˈt^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• teäʹtˈt000>e tiâukkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• tiâu{ʹØ}kk^VOWLower^PAL^PALK>e
• teäuʹǩǩ000>e vueʹlǧǧed+V+IV+Use/NGminip+Use/NG+Ind+Prs+Pl3 leave/lähteä
• vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^PALÄ^PAL^PALK>a
• vuäʹlǧǧ000>a pieʹhssed+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^PALÄ^PAL>e
• peäʹh0ss00>e

Vowel backing

** u å:õ** - used in = a>ä lowering clockwise

• puått^VOWRaise>u
• puõtt0>u

Vowel Palatalization

diphthong allophonic realization in palatalization u å:e - deriving e from å

• puå{ʹØ}v0v^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• pueʹvˈv000>e

diphthong allophonic realization in palatalization u å:ẹ - deriving

Vowel Lowering and Fronting

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening õ:ä after i:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in čiõkkâd siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä

• siõ{ʹØ}r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e jiõuǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• jiõu{ʹØ}ǯǯ^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL>e
• jeäuʹǯǯ000>e liõhttâd+V+IV+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• liõ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL>e
• leäʹh0tt000>e

SECONDARY FRONTING

Even syllabic verbs I, secondary vowel fronting with PAL u õ:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in VIQQAD: kuõskkâd >kueʹsǩǩe

• kuõ{ʹØ}skk^VOWLower^PALE^PAL^PALK>e
• kueʹsǩǩ0000>e luõikkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• luõi{ʹØ}kk^VOWLower^PALE^PAL^PALK>e
• lueiʹǩǩ0000>e

**Even syllabic verbs I, secondary u > v **

RELATIVE VOWEL LENGTHENING

vowel lengthening and consonant shortening, %^Pen: %^V2VV

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:â - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded šõddâd+V+Imprt+Sg3:

• šõ^1VOW{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• šââ0dd00>as

nââʹer+N+Sg+Nom sleep

• nâ^1VOW{ʹØ}kker^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^KK2ZERO
• nââʹ00er000000

ǩeʹdd+N+Sg+Ill: field/kenttä

• ǩe^1VOW{ʹØ}d0d^PALÂ^PALNo^CC2CCC>a
• ǩeâ0dˈd000>a radio+N+Sg+Ill
• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

%^1VOW:ẹ relative vowel lengthening - pess+N+Sg+Acc: rifle/pyssy

• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV
• pẹẹss0 veʹrǧǧ+N+Der/lazh+A+Sg+Nom
• vẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}rgg^V2VV^YXX2YX>laž
• vẹẹ0rǥ000>laž čeeuʹres+N+Sg+Nom = otter
• čẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}rres^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX
• čeeuʹr0es000000 viǯǯâd+V+Imprt+Sg2 fetch/noutaa
• vi^1VOW{ʹØ}ǯǯ^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• vẹẹ0ǯǯ00>as eelas+N+Sg+Nom:
• ẹ^1VOWllas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• ẹẹl0as0000

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:e - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}m^V2VV^PAL
• čââʹlmteeʹm00 reeʹǧǧes+A+Sg+Nom: rich/rikas
• rẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• rẹẹʹǧǧes000000
• pẹ^1VOWi{ʹØ}vv^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX

• peeiʹv0000

• kaađ»nẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^V2VV^PAL^C2CC^PALK
• kaađ»neeʹǩǩ0000
• rẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^PAL^YXX2VX
• ree0uʹt0000

Jouste+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Jouste^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Joustee0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:å - deriving sååbbar+N+Sg+Nom

• så^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV
• sååbbar00
• ★så%^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV (is not standard language)
• ★så0bbar00 (is not standard language) radio+N+Sg+Ill
• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje
• jå^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^PAL^YXX2VX
• jåå0uʹs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:õ - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded âʹlǧǧ+N+Pl+Gen: boy/poika

• â^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK>i
• õõʹlj000000>i čâʹlmm+N+Pl+Acc: eye/silmä
• čâ^1VOW{ʹØ}lmm^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX>id
• čõõʹlm00000>id
• ču^1VOWkk^V2VV^U2Õ>až

• čõõkk00>až

• võ^1VOW{ʹØ}rr^V2VV^CC2C
• võõ0r000
• sõ^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^CC2C
• sõõ0l000
• mättʼtõ^1VOWs{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• mättʼtõõzz00 sõõus+N+Sg+Nom
• sõ^1VOWhss^V2VV^YXX2VX
• sõõus000

relative vowel lengthening %{õuØ%}:õ

radio+N+Sg+Ill

• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:ä - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded

• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^YXX2YX
• ääld000
• jä^1VOWu{ʹØ}rr^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX
• jääuʹr0000 mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^YXX2VX>am
• mää0u0s000>am mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg4: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^PAL^YXX2VX>et
• mää0uʹs0000>et

Määttä+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Määttä^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Määttää0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:a - deriving +V+Inf in MAINSTED: maainstam, mainstam

• dura^1VOWk^V2VV
• duraak0
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^CC2C>už
• aald0000>už täiʹdded+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3:
• tä^1VOWi{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX>i
• taaiʹd00000>i

mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: pay/maksaa

• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2VX>i
• maa0uʹs00000>i

taalkâs+N+Sg+Nom

biologia+N+Sg+Ill

• biologia^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• biologiaa0ʹje

Relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:o - simultaneous lengthening and lowering: juʹrdded > joordam juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1

• u^1VOWvdd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2VX>če
• ooud0000>če juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}rdd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2YX>am
• joo0rd0000>am
• kå^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL>in
• kooʹll000>in
• tå^1VOWidd^V2VV^VOWRaise^YXX2YX>čed
• tooid0000>čed oolmaž+N+Sg+Nom: person/henkilö
• o^1VOWlmm^V2VV^YXX2YX>až
• oolm000>až Sajos+N+Prop+Sg+Gen:Sajoozz
• Sajo^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• Sajoo0zz00
• ★Sajo^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG (is not standard language)
• ★Sajo00zz00 (is not standard language) toll+N+Sg+Gen: fire/tuli
• to^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^CC2C
• too0l000
• to^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^PAL^CC2C>e
• tooʹl0000>e
• ko^1VOWnttâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• koont0âr0000 radio+N+Sg+Ill
• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

Even syllabic nouns I, relative vowel lengthening i - ǩiđđ:ǩiiđ

leuʹdd+N+Pl+Gen

• lẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX>i
• liiuʹd00000>i pirsted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg
• piirâst^PALNo
• piirâst0
• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV^VOWRaise>už

• piiss00>už

• ǩi^1VOW{ʹØ}đđ^V2VV^CC2C
• ǩii0đ000

Terhi+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Terhi^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Terhii0ʹje

Even syllabic nouns, relative vowel extra lengthening u not followed by v - declension of nouns kunn > kuun mainsted+V+Err/Orth+Der/musj+N+Pl+Nom: story telling/tarinointi

• maainâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ummu^1VOW{ʹØ}š{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• ma0in0st000>um0uu0žž00

tuuibâl+N+Sg+Nom: **

• tu^1VOWibbâl^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• tuuib0âl0000
• pu^1VOW{ʹØ}ttes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• puuʹttes0000
• ★pu%^1VOW{ʹØ}ttes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL (is not standard language)
• ★pu0ʹttes0000 (is not standard language)

vuʹvdd+N+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen: area/alue

• vu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX
• vuuʹv0d0000 tuʹvǩǩ+N+Sg+Gen: ??/karvakenkä
• tu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}kk^PAL^YXX2VX^PALK
• tu00uʹǩ0000 Oulu+N+Prop+Sg+Ill
• Oulu^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Ouluu0ʹje

Word-final vowel ö - Enontekiö+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Enontekiö^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Enontekiöö0ʹje

simultaneous lengthening and raising, hmm: xfst ordering might be easier

VOWEL DUMMY LOSS

SEMI VOWELS

Even syllabic nouns, for j>i - sijdd > siid This will need a special extra-lengthening rule ijss+N+Pl+Nom+PxSg3

• i{ʹØ}j{ʹØ}ss^YXX2VX>âs
• i0i0s00>âs fiinâs+A+Sg+Nom: fine/hieno
• fijnnâs^Pen^YXX2VX

• fiin0âs00

• sââjj^J2I^CC2C
• sââi000 tuâjj+N+Sg+Acc work
• tuâjj^J2I^CC2C
• tuâi000

Even syllabic verbs, for v>u - uvdd > ouʹdde

uʹvdded:+V+Ind+Prt+Sg1

• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2VX>am
• oo0u0d0000>am juʹvdd+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX

• juuʹv0d0000

• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^PAL^YXX2VX
• u00uʹd000
• u^1VOWvdd^VOWLower^YXX2VXX
• o0udd00 kuʹvǯǯ+N+Sg+Gen
• ku^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ǯǯ^PAL^YXX2VX
• ku00uʹǯ000 tuʹvǩǩ+N+Sg+Gen: ??/karvakenkä
• tu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}kk^PAL^YXX2VX^PALK
• tu00uʹǩ0000

uudâs+N+Sg+Nom: creature/luomus

• uvddâs^Pen^YXX2VX
• uud0âs00

Even syllabic nouns, for h>u - luhtt s s: … uhss+N+Der/Dim+N+Sg+Gen door

• u{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^PAL^YXX2VX>e

• u0uʹs000>e

• sä^1VOWhss^V2VV^YXX2VX>am
• sääus000>am

piiutâs+N+Sg+Nom clothing/vaate

• pi^1VOWhttâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2VX
• piiut0âs0000

Even syllabic nouns, for h>i - kueʹhtt kueʹhtt+Num+Sg+Gen two/kaksi

• kuâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^YXX2IX
• kue0iʹt0000
• ★kuâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^YXX2IX (is not standard language)
• ★kuâ0hʹt0000 (is not standard language)

trisyllabic verbs and doer derivations, i>j - used in aʹlǧǧi+N+NomAg+Sg+Ill:

• a^1VOW{ʹØ}lggi^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK^I2J>a
• a0ʹlǧǧj00000>a
• valmštõõll{ʼØ}i^I2J>i
• valmštõõllʼj0>i mättʼtõõtti+N+NomAg+Pl+Gen: student/oppilas
• mättʼtõõtti^Pen^CC2C^I2J>i
• mättʼtõõđ0j000>i
• ★mättʼtõõtti^Pen^CC2C^I2J>i (is not standard language)
• ★mättʼtõõtti000>i (is not standard language)

piânˈnai+N+Ess: dog/koira

• piânˈn^CCC2CC>{ʼØ}j>en
• piân0n0>ʼj>en juukki+N+Pl+Acc: drinker/juoja
• juukki^Pen^KK2GG^I2J>id
• juuǥǥj000>id

peigg+N+Sg+Ill

• pẹ^1VOWigg^VOWRaise^VXX2YXX>u
• pi0jgg00>u

VOWELS TENSE vs LAX 2012-11-28

Vowels for â:i - ǩeʹtted+V+Pot+Sg3: cook/keittää

• ǩeâ{ʹØ}tt^VOWRaise^PALI^PAL>ež
• ǩiiʹtt000>ež

Vowels for â:e - miârr+N+Sg+Ill

• miâ{ʹØ}r0r^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• mieʹrˈr000>e mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Nom
• meâ{ʹØ}lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^PALK
• mieʹlǩǩ0000
• piâ{ʹØ}ss^PALE^PAL
• pieʹss00
• ǩiâ{ʹØ}p0p^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• ǩieʹpˈp000>e
• kuâ{ʹØ}ll^PALE^PAL
• kueʹll00 tieʹtted+V+Imprt+Sg2: know/tietää
• teâ{ʹØ}tt^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• tieʹđ00000 mueʹles+N+Sg+Nom
• muâ{ʹØ}lles^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^CC2C
• mueʹl0es000000 kueʹtǩes+N+Sg+Nom
• kuâ{ʹØ}tkkes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX^Pen^PALK
• kueʹtǩ0es00000000

pieʹhssed+V+Inf: **

• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL>ed
• pieʹh0ss000>ed
• ǩeâ{ʹØ}sttes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX
• ǩeeʹst0es000000 ǩeʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg: cook/keittää
• ǩeâ{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL
• ǩeeʹtt00

Even-syllabic nouns, for â:ẹ - used in pieʹll+N+Sg+Nom: half

• peä{ʹØ}ll^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL
• piẹʹll000
• tuâjj^PALẸ
• tuẹjj0

Palatalization for ẹ:e - used in reʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom

• rẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^PAL^YXX2VX
• ree0uʹt0000 karies+N+Pl+Nom
• kariẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^PAL^K2GG
• karieeʹzz000 peiʹvv+N+Sg+Gen: day/päivä
• pẹ^1VOWi{ʹØ}vv^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• peeiʹv0000 karies+N+Sg+Nom: caries/hammasmätä
• kariẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}s^PALE
• karie00s0

reeʹǧǧes+A+Sg+Nom: rich/rikas

• rẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• reeʹǧǧes000000

VOWEL and ZERO ALTERNATION

Realization for â in a - used in

• ǩiõrggân^PenVow2a^PALNo
• ǩiõrggan00

THE NON-ORTHOGRAPHIC SYLLABLE

Loss of ʼ when preceded by vowel - This is a temporary solution to “ʼ” in võʹllʼjed, it deletes softmark when preceded by vowel

PALATALIZATION

{ʹØ}:ʹ as transfer from left of v:u and all instances of modifier letter prime - used +Ind+Prs+Pl3, uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: ouʹdde

IF you want RULES, use a specific contlex where a context can be given ;) uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: give/antaa

• u^1VOWv{ʹØ}dd^VOWLower^PAL^YXX2VXX>e
• o0uʹdd000>e
• u^1VOWv{ʹØ}dd^PAL^YXX2VX
• u0uʹd000 Teäppneʹd+N+Prop+Sem/Fem+Sg+Nom
• Teäpˈpnẹ%^1VOW{ʹØ}d^PAL
• Teäpˈpne0ʹd0

täʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom: bone/luu

• tä^1VOWh{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^PAL^YXX2VX
• tääuʹt0000 täʹhtt+N+Pl+Gen: bone/luu
• tä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2VX>i
• taa0uʹt00000>i kueiʹt+Num+Sg+Gen two/kaksi
• kuâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^YXX2IX
• kue0iʹt0000 uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: give/antaa
• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^PAL>ed
• u0ʹv0dd0>ed tuʹvnn+N+Sg+Nom: **
• tu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}nn^PAL
• tu0ʹv0nn0 täʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom: bone/luu
• tä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PAL
• tä0ʹh0tt0

čeeuʹres+N+Sg+Nom = otter

• čẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}rres^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX
• čeeuʹr0es000000 siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä
• siõ{ʹØ}r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e
• saa{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^PAL^PALK>e
• sa0ʹǩǩ000>e tää{ʹØ}ss+N+Sg+Gen: level/taso
• ★tää{ʹØ}ss^PAL^KK2GG (is not standard language)
• ★tää0zz00 (is not standard language)
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• jåå{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PAL>e
• jo0ʹtt000>e
• kuâ{ʹØ}ll^PALE^PAL
• kueʹll00
• veä{ʹØ}kˈk^PAL^PALK
• veäʹǩˈǩ00
• ★veä{ʹØ}kˈk^PAL^PALK (is not standard language)
• ★veäʹkˈk00 (is not standard language)
• stu^1VOW{VU}{ʹØ}l^PAL
• stu0uʹl0
• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}m^PAL
• čââʹlmte0ʹm0
• kä^1VOW{ʹØ}lles^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• kääʹlles0000
• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000
• seäh{ʹØ}tter^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2VX
• seeuʹt0er000000

huʹvǧǧi+N+NomAg+Sg+Nom: rattle/suhistin

• hu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ggi^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• hu0ʹv0ǧǧi0000 The left context allows for: Vowel shortening, and j/v > Vow

d:đ in weak grade - used in ǩeäʹdǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom

• ǩeä{ʹØ}dgg^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK
• ǩiẹʹđj000000

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization of g:ǧ - used in reäiʹǧǧ+N+Sg+Nom: hole/reikä

• reäi{ʹØ}gg^PAL^PALK
• reäiʹǧǧ00 šäʹŋǧǧ+N+Sg+Com: pasty/piirakka
• šä^1VOW{ʹØ}ŋgg^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK>in
• šaaʹŋǧ000000>in vueʹlǧǧed+Use/NG+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 leave/lähteä
• vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^PALÄ^PAL^PALK>a
• vuäʹlǧǧ000>a

vieʹrǧǧ+N+Sg+Nom

• veâ{ʹØ}rgg^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^PALK
• vieʹrǧǧ0000

bioloog+N+Sg+Ill biologist

• bioloo{ʹØ}g^PAL^PALK>e
• biolooʹǧ00>e

huʹvǧǧi+N+Sg+Nom: rattle/suhistin

• hu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ggi^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• hu0ʹv0ǧǧi0000

ääʹǧǧes+N+Sg+Nom: **

• ä^1VOW{ʹØ}gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• ääʹǧǧes000000
• a^1VOW{ʹØ}lggi^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• a0ʹlǧǧi0000

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization of k:ǩ here - used in

hääʹsǩ Perhaps the stem should simply be häskk

• hää{ʹØ}sk^PAL^PALK
• hääʹsǩ00 testnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}k^PAL^PALK

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Ill: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ceä{ʹØ}kˈkes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC^Pen^PALK
• ciẹʹǩ0ǩes00000000

mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Acc: milk/maito

• meâ{ʹØ}lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C^PALK
• mieʹlǩ000000

rääʹǩǩes+A+Sg+Nom beloved/rakas

• rä^1VOW{ʹØ}kkes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• rääʹǩǩes000000
• jo^1VOW{ʹØ}kk^PAL^PALK>e
• jo0ʹǩǩ00>e
• saa{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^PAL^PALK>e
• sa0ʹǩǩ000>e kåålvak+N+Sg+Loc
• kåålvak^RmVow^PALK>est
• kåålv0ǩ00>est

tõiŋsǩed+V+Inf

• tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• tõ0iŋ0sǩ0000>ed
• ★tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed (is not standard language)
• ★tõ0iŋ0sk0000>ed (is not standard language)

Even-syllabic nouns I, Depalatalization of ǩ:k - used in

• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}tkk>a
• mä00tkk>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Ill:
• kaađnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}ǩ{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađnẹ00kk00>a

prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla

• prääʹzniǩ^RmVow^PALNo>a
• prääʹzn0k00>a
• kaaddâšǩ^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow^PALNo>a
• ka0d00šk000000>a
• ★vieʹǩǩet%^PALNo (is not standard language)
• ★vieʹǩket0 (is not standard language)

Even-syllabic nouns, removing palatalization in -est +Loc nouns - removing palatalization in +Sg+Ill, pieʹss:peässa

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOWm{XC}^C2CC>a
• čââʹlmtẹ0mm0>a stroitteʹl+N+Sg+Ill: plant/laitos
• stroitteʹl^RmVow^PALNo>a
• stroitt00l00>a prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla
• prääʹzniǩ^RmVow^PALNo>a
• prääʹzn0k00>a

Consonant QUANTITY CHANGE gradation rules

Weakening Consonant Cluster

dealing with relative length changes mõõnnâd : mõʹnne : mõõn

Even syllabic verbs I, cg m:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, oolmaž+N+Sg+Nom: person/henkilö

• o^1VOWlmm^V2VV^YXX2YX>až
• oolm000>až
• sää{ʹØ}mm^PAL^CC2C
• sääʹm000 kåʹmrded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 bow
• kååʹmmerd^PenVow2a
• kååʹmmard0 mainstummuš+N+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen: story telling/tarinointi
• ★mainstummu%^1VOWš{XC}^Pen^CC2C^V2VV%^K2GG (is not standard language)
• ★mainstummuužž0000 (is not standard language)

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for b - used neiʹbb+N+Sg+Gen: knife/veitsi

• nẹ^1VOWi{ʹØ}bb^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX
• neeiʹb0000 vuäʹbb+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg2
• vuä0{ʹØ}bˈb^VOWRaise^PALẸ^Allegro^PAL^CCC2CAllegro>stad
• vuẹˈʹb0000000>stad äʹrbb+N+Sg+Gen: heritage/perintö
• ä^1VOW{ʹØ}rbb^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX
• ääʹrb0000 joorbâs+A+Sg+Nom
• jo^1VOWrbbâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• joorb0âs0000 kuâbsted
• kuâ{ˈ1}bbast^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• kuâˈb00st000

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss p:0 - used in ǩiâpp+N+Pl+Nom

• ǩiâ{ʹØ}pp^CC2C
• ǩiâ0v00 vuäʹpsted+V+Inf
• vuä0ʹppest^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• vuäˈʹp00st000>ed
• ka^1VOWmppâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• kaamp0âr0000
• ★ka%^1VOWmppâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX (is not standard language)
• ★kaamppâr0000 (is not standard language) riipâs+N+Sg+Nom: snail/etana
• rijppâs^Pen^YXX2VX
• riip0âs00

Even syllabic verbs I, cg v:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, teevvad > teev

• pẹ^1VOWi{ʹØ}vv^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• peeiʹv0000 aasvâs+N+Sg+Nom: **
• a^1VOWsvvâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• aasv0âs0000 tuõvâs+N+Sg+Nom: candle/tuohus, kynttilä
• tuõvˈvâs^Pen^CCC2C
• tuõv00âs00 juʹvjj+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3:
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}jj^VV2V^PAL^YXX2VX>stes
• ju00uʹj0000>stes juʹvjj+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}jj^Allegro^PAL^YXX2VX>stes
• ju000ʹj0000>stes

f:0 - used in

kaaʹff+N+Sg+Gen coffee

• kaa{ʹØ}ff^PAL^CC2C
• kaaʹf000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg n:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, jiõnn:jiõn vueʹn+N+Sg+Nom: mother-in-law/anoppi

• vuâ{ʹØ}nˈn^PALE^PAL^CCC2C
• vueʹn00000 čuânj+N+Sg+Nom: goose/hanhi
• čuõnˈnj^VOWLower^CCC2C
• čuân00j00 jeäʹnn+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg1: mother/äiti
• jeä0{ʹØ}nˈn^VOWRaise^PALẸ^Allegro^PAL^CCC2CAllegro>stan
• jiẹˈʹn0000000>stan õõʹnni+N+Pl+Nom: user/käyttäjä
• õõʹnn{ʹØ}i^Pen^CC2C
• õõʹn00i0 huânas+N+Sg+Nom: **
• huânˈnas^Pen^CCC2C
• huân00as00

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel ij>ii/uv>uu and dd>d - used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen, sijdd > siid

• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^YXX2YX
• ääld000 äldd+N+Der/Dimin+N+Dimin+Sg+Nom
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^YXX2YX>už
• aald0000>už
• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^PAL^YXX2VX
• u00uʹd000 juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOWrdd^V2VV^VOWLower^YXX2YX>am
• joord0000>am

uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+4:

• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^PAL^YXX2VX>et

• u00uʹd000>et

• idd:id, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg double consonants following vowel and “i” at coda that become single consonants in gradation uudâs+N+Sg+Nom: creature/luomus
• uvddâs^Pen^YXX2VX
• uud0âs00

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for ʒ - used with pääʹʒʒelm+N+Sg+Ill: päʹʒlma sauʒʒ+N+Pl+Nom sheep/lammas

• sa^1VOWu{ʹØ}ʒʒ^V2VV^YXX2YX
• saau0ʒ000

ǯ:0 - used in kuʹvǯǯ+N+Sg+Gen

• ku^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ǯǯ^PAL^YXX2VX
• ku00uʹǯ000

č:0 - used in

c:0 - used in

• kä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}cces^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2VX
• kää0uʹc0es000000

ž:0 - used in

väžsted+V+Inf

• vääžžast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• vä0ž00st00000>ed

z:0 - used in

• ǩeâsttez^PenVow2a^RmCns
• ǩeâstta000 juzrdâd+V+Inf:
• juuzzârd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow
• ju0z00rd00000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for đ - used with ǩiđđ:ǩiiđ

• ǩi^1VOW{ʹØ}đđ^V2VV^CC2C
• ǩii0đ000
• o^1VOWđđâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• oođ0âs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for r - used with võrr:võõr

• võ^1VOW{ʹØ}rr^V2VV^CC2C
• võõ0r000
• paa{ʹØ}rr^CC2C
• paa0r00
• jä^1VOWu{ʹØ}rr^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• jääuʹr0000 čårsted+V+Inf: descriminate/syrjiä
• čåårrast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• čå0r00st00000>ed
• ★čåårrast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed (is not standard language)
• ★čå0rr0st00000>ed (is not standard language)

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for l - used with vuʹvll+N+Sg+Gen: vuuʹl deriving

• to^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^CC2C
• too0l000
• stä^1VOW{ʹØ}llj^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• stääʹl0j000 alttõõlli+N+NomAg+Pl+Gen
• alttõõll{ʼØ}i^CC2C
• alttõõl00i0

pääʹljes+N+Sg+Nom: path/polku

• pä^1VOW{ʹØ}lgges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^YXX2YX^Pen^PALK
• pääʹlj0es00000000 talsted+V+Inf:
• taallâst^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• ta0l00st00000>ed

vuʹvll+N+Sg+Gen:

• vu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ll^PAL^YXX2VX
• vu00uʹl000

deriving kueʹll+N+Sg+Gen: kueʹl

• kuâ{ʹØ}ll^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• kueʹl0000

**j:0 ** - used in

ǩeʹrjj+N+Pl+Nom: book/kirja

• ǩẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}rjj^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX
• ǩeeʹrj0000 tuâjj+N+Sg+Acc: work/työ
• tuâjj^CC2C
• tuâj00 tuâjj+N+Sg+Gen:tuâi
• tuâjj^J2I^CC2C
• tuâi000
• po^1VOWjjâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• pooj0âs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for g - used in cõõggâlm+N+Sg+Ill

• cõõggâlm^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>a
• cõ0g00lm00000>a ǩeâlǥal+N+Sg+Nom
• ǩeâlggal^Pen^YXX2YX
• ǩeâlǥ0al00

äiʹǧǧ+N+Sg+Gen: time/aika

• ä^1VOWi{ʹØ}gg^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK
• ääiʹj00000 reäiʹǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom: hole/reikä
• reäi{ʹØ}gg^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK
• reäiʹj0000 määŋgas+N+Coll+Sg+Nom
• mä^1VOWŋggas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• määŋg0as0000
• ★mä^1VOWŋggas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX (is not standard language)
• ★määŋǥ0as0000 (is not standard language)

Allegro loss ǧ - used in

• lååʹǧǧest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• lå0ʹǧ00st00000>ed

GEMINATE TO WEAK QUALITY GEMINATE Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and KK>ǤǤ - used in used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen for cases like lookki > looǥǥi.

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čâustõõ0ǥǥ00 with allegro čâustõk+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3
• čâustõ^1VOW{ʹØ}k^K2GAllegro>stes

• čâustõ00ǥ0>stes

• jo^1VOWkk^V2VV^KK2GG
• jooǥǥ00 puâǥǥ+N+Sg+Nom: **
• puõkˈk^VOWLower^KKK2GG
• puâǥ0ǥ00

čuâǥǥas+N+Sg+Nom road

• čuâkˈk^KKK2GG>as
• čuâǥ0ǥ0>as

loǥškueʹtted begin to read lookkâd+V+Der/InchL+V+Inf

• loo{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL>ed
• lo00ǥ000»0škuẹʹtt000>ed

čõõǥǥâs

• čõ^1VOWkkâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^KK2GG
• čõõǥǥâs0000

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and k:j - used in used with

. tuʹmstõk+N+Der/Dimin+N+Pl+Nom: decision/päätös, mietintö

• tuʹmstõ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^V2VV^PAL^K2GG>e
• tuʹmstõõʹjj000>e

with allegro

• suä{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^KK2GG^PALK
• suẹʹjj00000

jeeʹel+N+Der/Dimin+N+Sg+Nom

• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2GG^RmVow>až
• jeeʹj0j0l0000000>až

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and ǩ:j - used in used with

.

š:0 - used in Allegro

šapšš+N+Sg+Gen white fish/siika

• ša^1VOW{ʹØ}pšš^V2VV^YXX2YX
• šaa0pš000 ruõšsted+V+Inf: **
• ruõššâst^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• ruõš00st000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing š:ž - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation lookkmõš+N+Sg+Gen

• lookk»mõ^1VOW{ʹØ}š{XC}^V2VV^K2GG

• lookk»mõõ0žž00 with allegro

• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt
• på0z000»0škuä0tt

mainstummuš+N+Sg+Gen:

• mainstummuš^VC
• mainstummuž0

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing c:ʒ - cc:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation

• čää{ʹØ}cc^PAL^KK2GG
• čääʹʒʒ00 čääʹcc+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3
• čää{ʹØ}cc^VV2V^PAL^KK2GAllegro>stes
• čä0ʹʒ0000>stes
• čää{ʹØ}cc^PAL^KK2GG>stes
• čääʹʒʒ00>stes
• puõcˈc^VOWLower^PALÄ^KKK2GG
• puäʒ0ʒ000
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt
• på0z000»0škuä0tt

õõʒʒâs+N+Sg+Nom: high water/vuoksi

• õ^1VOWccâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^KK2GG
• õõʒʒâs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing č:j - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation

• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt
• på0z000»0škuä0tt

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing after long vowel or diphthong s:z s:z - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation tääʹss+N+Sg+Gen: level/taso

• tää{ʹØ}ss^PAL^KK2GG
• tääʹzz00
• mättʼtõ^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• mättʼtõõ0zz00 with allegro

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ★ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower%^PenVow2a%^VC (is not standard language)
• ★ceäkˈkas0000 (is not standard language)
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt
• på0z000»0škuä0tt

čårrõs+N+Sg+Gen

• čårrõ^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čårrõõ0zz00

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss t:0 - used in autt+N+Pl+Nom car/auto

• a^1VOWutt^V2VV^YXX2YX
• aaut000 põrtt+N+Pl+Nom house/talo
• põ^1VOW{ʹØ}rtt^V2VV^YXX2YX

• põõ0rt000

• ko^1VOWnttâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX
• koont0âr0000 puʹtsted+V+Inf: **
• puuʹttest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• pu0ʹt00st00000 piiutâs+N+Sg+Nom clothing/vaate
• pi^1VOWhttâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2VX
• piiut0âs0000 kääđas+N+Sg+Nom
• kä^1VOWttas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kääđ0as0000

Consonant loss s:0 - used in

• sä^1VOWhss^V2VV^YXX2VX>am
• sääus000>am

ǩeeʹstes+N+Pl+Nom: glove/kinnas

• ǩeâ{ʹØ}sttes^PenVow2a^RmCns
• ǩeâ0stta000

uhss+N+Sg+Gen door

• u{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^YXX2VX
• u0u0s00

ǩeäsʼsted+V+Inf:

• ǩeä0ssa0st^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• ǩeäˈs00ʼst0000>ed âʹpsted+V+Inf: smell a little/haiskahtaa
• ââʹpsest^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• â0ʹp00st000>ed

Consonant loss ŋ:0 - used in

Consonant loss h:0 - used in ruʹhss+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3:

• ru^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VV2V^PAL^YXX2VX>stes
• ru0ʹ00s0000>stes påʹhlded+V+Inf: **
• pååʹhheld^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• på0ʹh00ld00000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, t>đ - tt:đ ǩiõtt+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg1 hand,arm/käsi

• ǩiõ{ʹØ}tt^Allegro^PAL^CC2CAllegro>stan
• ǩiõʹđ0000>stan autt+N+Pl+Nom car/auto
• ★a^1VOWu{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^YXX2YX (is not standard language)
• ★aau0đ000 (is not standard language) puuttâd+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: end/loppua
• puutt^CC2C>i
• puuđ00>i kääđas+N+Sg+Nom:
• kä%^1VOWttas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kääđ0as0000
• čuâ{ʹØ}ttes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^CC2C
• čueʹđ0es000000

Even syllabic nouns I, p>v - pp:v

• ǩiâ{ʹØ}pp^CC2C
• ǩiâ0v00
• heäpˈpaš^Pen^CCC2C
• heäv00aš00

Consonant quality change ǥ:j - used in lääiʹj+N+Pl+Nom

• lääi{ʹØ}ǥ^PAL
• lääiʹj0 čiõʹlj+N+Sg+Nom: back/selkä
• čeâ{ʹØ}lǥ^VOWRaise^PAL

• čiõʹlj00

• jäämalǥ^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• jä0m0lj0000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss k:0 - used in loǥškueʹtted begin to read

• loo{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škueʹtted
• lo00ǥ000»škueʹtted mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Acc: milk/maito
• meâ{ʹØ}lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C^PALK
• mieʹlǩ000000
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»{ʼØ}škuä{ʹØ}tt
• på0z000»0škuä0tt taalkâs+N+Sg+Nom
• ta^1VOWlkkâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^YXX2YX

• taalk0âs0000

• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000 nââʹer+N+Sg+Nom sleep
• nâ^1VOW{ʹØ}kker^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^KK2ZERO
• nââʹ00er000000

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss ǩ:0 - used in

eʹǩrded+V+Inf

• eeʹǩǩerd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• e0ʹǩ00rd00000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss ǥ:0 - used in

påǥsted+V+Inf

• pååǥǥast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• på0ǥ00st00000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, lgg>lǥ vueʹlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg2

• vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^YXX2YX>ak

• vuâ0lǥ00>ak

• ★vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^YXX2YX>ak (is not standard language)
• ★vuâ0lg00>ak (is not standard language) õlggâd+V+Cond+Sg3
• õ^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^YXX2YX>či
• õõ0lǥ000>či
• ★õ^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^YXX2YX>či (is not standard language)

• ★õõ0lg000>či (is not standard language)

• ǩeâlggal^Pen^YXX2YX
• ǩeâlǥ0al00
• aaggâst^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• a0g00st00000>ed

even syllabic verbs I, ‘lgg>’lj - used in vueʹlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prt+Pl1

• vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^VOWRaise^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK>im
• vuõʹlj00000>im äiʹǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom
• ä^1VOWi{ʹØ}gg^V2VV^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK
• ääiʹj00000 reäiʹǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom
• reäi{ʹØ}gg^PAL^YXX2YX^PALK
• reäiʹj0000

Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

• Strengthening Consonant Cluster
• V shortening and C lengthening
• %^C2CC is generally used in conjunction with a preceding %^VV2V
• In verbs this will be observed in finite forms
• In derivational morphology, e.g. -škuetted, this is not the case

**Orthographic Consonant lengthening Weak to strong %{XC%}:Cx ** - used in

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}m{XC}^C2CC>a
• čââʹlmtẹ00mm0>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Gen
• kaađnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}ǩ{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađnẹ00kk00>a

Orthographic Consonant lengthening Weak to strong %{XC%}:Cx for n and l - used in

• puärˈr^VOWLower^CCC2C
• puär0000

suâl+N+Sg+Nom island

• suõlˈl^VOWLower^CCC2C
• suâl0000

kååvas+N+Sg+Nom: kota

• kå^1VOWvvas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kååv0as0000

kõõnjâl+N+Sg+Nom tear

• kõ^1VOWnnjâl^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C

• kõõn0jâl0000

• dura^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^C2CC>a
• dura00kk0>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Ill:
• kaađ»nẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađ»nẹ00kk00>a

čårrõs+N+Sg+Gen

• čårrõ^1VOWs{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čårrõõzz00

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOWk{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čâustõõǥǥ00

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^V2VV^PAL^K2GG^PALK
• čâustõõʹjj0000

CONSONANT QUALITY CHANGE

Pedagogical X3 length mark after diphthongs in vertical line ˈ

Adding X3 length mark

Consonant X3 lengthening after diphthong in vertical line ˈ character - used in +N+Sg+Ill jeäll:jiâlˈlu, b c č ǯ d đ g ǧ k ǩ l m n p r s š t v also htˈt nˈnj

• kuâl0l^CC2CCC>a

• kuâlˈl0>a

• ǩeä0ssa0st^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• ǩeäˈs00ʼst0000>ed
• kue0ʹstelm^Pen^Allegro^RmVow>a
• kueˈʹst0lm000>a

Diphthong extra short marker in vertical line ˈ character - used in +N+Sg+Ill ciâlkâlm:ciâˈlklmest ceäksted+V+Inf

• ceä{ˈ1}kkast^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• ceäˈk00st0000>ed

Removing X3 length mark

Removing Consonant X3 length mark after diphthong in vertical line ˈ LEFT ARROW - deriving b c č ǯ d đ g ǧ k ǩ l m n p r s š t v also htˈt nˈnj

Removing Consonant X3 length mark after diphthong in vertical line ˈ LEFT ARROW - $ Sakssa-jânnam

Hyphen for splitting between look-alikes - used in Kääzzkõsraajõstuâjj-joouk

Sakssajânnam+N+Prop+Sg+Nom: (∑) Germany/Saksa

• Sakssa#jânnam
• Sakssa#jânnam
• ★Sakssa#jânnam (is not standard language)
• ★Sakssa-jânnam (is not standard language)

koummlo-õhtt+Num+Sg+Nom: (∑) 21

• koummlo#õhtt
• koummlo-õhtt
• ★koummlo#õhtt (is not standard language)
• ★koummlo#õhtt (is not standard language)

tuâjj+N+Cmp/SgNom+Cmp#joukk+N+Sg+Nom: team/työryhmä

• tuâjj#joukk
• tuâjj-joukk
• ★tuâjj#joukk (is not standard language)
• ★tuâjj#joukk (is not standard language)

sääʹmm+N+Cmp/SgGen+Cmp#musikk+N+Sg+Nom: Skolt Sámi music/kolttamusiikki sää0mm^PAL^CC2C{-Ø}#musikk sääʹm000-#musikk

Disallow UltRmVow after anything but Vows:0 -

Disallow NoHyph marking for lookalikes between non-look-alikes -

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc