Skolt Sámi TWOLC file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Introduction

The twolc rule file for Skolt Saami is divided into 5 main sections:

1. Alphabets, Sets and Definitions
2. Consonant shift rules (tbw)
3. Vowel alternation rules
4. Consonant gradation rules
5. Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

Alphabets, sets and definitions

Alphabet

Regular letters:

* a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* ä å â õ
* Ä Å Â Õ
* č ǩ ǯ ǧ ž đ ǥ ʒ š ŋ
* Č Ǩ Ǯ Ǧ Ž Đ Ǥ Ʒ Š Ŋ
* ẹ Pedagogical purposes
* Ẹ Pedagogical purposes
* 
* æ ø ö á é í
* Æ Ø Ö Á
* É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ù Ì Ë Ü Ï Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý þ Ñ Ð
* é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï ê ô û î ã ý þ ñ ð ß ª ß ç

Orthographic, suprasegmental markers:

• ʹ - MODIFIER LETTER PRIME: U+02B9 suprasegmental palatization
• ʼ - MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE: U+02BC Syllable marker that appears in writing
• ˈ - MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE: U+02C8 as overlong consonant marker that does not appear in writing except for pedagogical purposes

Symbol pairs for consonant lengthening:

• %{XC%}:m
• %{XC%}:n
• %{XC%}:v
• %{XC%}:d
• %{XC%}:r
• %{XC%}:l
• %{XC%}:k
• %{XC%}:ǥ
• %{XC%}:s
• %{XC%}:š
• %{XC%}:z
• %{XC%}:ž

Symbol pairs for vowel length:

• %{õuØ%}:0
• %{ouØ%}:0
• %{âõØ%}:0
• %{ẹiØ%}:0
• %{äaØ%}:0
• %{äåØ%}:0
• %{eiØ%}:0
• %{åoØ%}:0
• %{ẹeiØ%}:0

Symbol pairs for vowel height, by default vowels are low:

• %{õu%}:õ
• %{ou%}:o
• %{âõ%}:â
• %{ẹi%}:ẹ
• %{äa%}:ä
• %{äå%}:ä
• %{ei%}:e
• %{åo%}:å
• %{ẹei%}:ẹ
• %{âõe%}:â
• %{âõäe%}:â

Trigger symbols:

• %^Pen:0 - for combinations 2015-09-28 Miikka
• %^RmVow:0 - for removing vowels e, â, a before final consonant in stem
• %^UltRmVow:0 - for removing vowels e, â, a after final consonant in stem
• %^RmCns:0 - for removing stem final consonant, e.g. final z in ǩeeʹstes:ǩeâsttez ǩeâstta
• %^1VOW:0 - Vow trigger
• %^2VOW:0 - Vow trigger
• %^3VOW:0 - Vow trigger
• %^4VOW:0 - Vow trigger
• %^5VOW:0 - Vow trigger
• %^VOWLower:0 - i>e, õ>â, â>ä, u>o, o>å
• %^VOWRaise:0 - e>i, ä>e
• %^U2Õ:0 - lowers u>õ
• %^PAL:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALNo:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALI:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALE:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÄ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALẸ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÂ:0 - Palatalisation
• %^PALÕ:0 - Palatalisation

Penultimate Palatalisation

• %^PALK:0 - causes k:ǩ and g:ǧ and ǥ:j

Miscellaneous triggers:

• %^VC:0 Voicing s:z š:ž
• %^Â:0 Indicates placement of â in stem
• %^Br:0 break rule, e.g. eʹč^Br>{ʼØ}č

CHARACTERISTIC BREAKDOWN 2015-02-17

• %^Allegro:0 - Allegro in general shortens consonant and preceding vowel
• %^VV2V:0 - Shortens vowel
• %^V2VV:0 - Lengthens vowel
• %^CC2C:0 - Shortens consonant
• %^CC2CAllegro:0 - Shortens consonant and preceding vowel
• %^C2CC:0 - Lengthens consonant
• %^CC2CCC:0 - Strong to Extra Strong consonant
• %^CCC2C:0 - Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CAllegro:0 - Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CC:0 - Extra Strong to Strong consonant
• %^YXX2YX:0 - Shortens consonant cluster
• %^YXX2VX:0 - Consonant cluster to vowel and consonant sijdd:siid
• %^YXX2VXX:0 - Consonant cluster to vowel and geminate uvdd:ouʹdd
• %^YXX2IX:0 - Consonant cluster to i and consonant kueʹhtt:kueiʹt
• %^VX2YXX:0 - Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^VXX2YXX:0 - Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^KK2ZERO:0 - nââʹer
• %^KKK2ZERO:0 - jeeʹel
• %^KKK2GG:0 - Geminate weakening
• %^KKK2G:0 - Strong Geminate allegro
• %^KK2GG:0 - Geminate weakening jokk:jooǥǥ
• %^KK2GAllegro:0 - Geminate weakening in allegro pååss:påz
• %^K2GG:0 - Geminate weakening čårrõs:čårrõõzz
• %^K2GAllegro:0 - Geminate weakening in allegro čâustõk

Removal of suprasegmentals

• %{ʹØ%}:0 - This is modifier letter prime
• %{ʼØ%}:0 - used between l, n, j and subsequent j and elsewhere
• %{ˈ1%}:0 - This is modifier letter verticle line after diphthongs

This introduces vertical bar after diphth before consonants

• %^Allegro:0 This introduces vertical bar after diphth before consonants

Various semi-vowel alternations

• %^J2I:0 in tuâjj:tuâi
• %^I2J:0 in agent names
• %^I2Zero:0 in agent names

Gradation triggers 2015.01.23

• %^XSt2St:0 Causes weakening from extra strong to strong
• %^XSt2W:0 Causes weakening from extra strong to weak
• %^St2W:0 Causes weakening from strong to weak
• %^W2St:0 Causes strengthening from weak to strong
• %^W2XSt:0 Causes strengthening from weak to extra strong
• %^St2XSt:0 Causes strengthening from strong to extra strong

Other vowel length and consonant length will be phased out

• %^VOWXSH:0 Extra shortens vowel in relation to consonant
• %^VOWXL:0 Extra lengthens vowel in relation to consonant in nouns, for example
• %^CXLong:0 Lengthening
• %^CLong:0 Lengthening
• %^CShort:0 Shortening

More triggers, possibly realised as a segment:

• X3:0 causes weak grade
• %{VU%}:u used with stuuʹl
• %{Â1%}:0 used with “mainsted” to tell (a story)
• %{A1%}:0 used with “vuejted” to drive (causative)
• %{E1%}:0 used with “kåʹmrded” to bow
• %{E1%}:0 archiform for MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT used in stems where the lemma does not contain a MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT and yet the paradigm requires one.
• %{EÂ%}:e archiform for ie:eâ variation
• %^IMPSG2:0
• %^INDPRSSG3:0
• %^PenVow2a:0 Changes penultimate vowel to a; e:a â:a
• %^FRICG:0

Hyphen at compound word boundary

• %^FRICG:0 Zero versus hyphen in compounding
• %^Hyphen:0 at compound word boundary with %-
• %^NoHyphen:0 at compound word boundary

Literal quotes and angles must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries below):

• »
• «
• <

Morpheme boundaries:

• Derivational prefix
• Derivational suffix
• Inflectional prefix
• Inflectional suffix
• Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds
• (exceptional) soft hyphenation point
• Hyphen for question particle
• Compounding rules

End of alphabet definitions

Sets

• Cns = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoV = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoJ = b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H K L M N P Q R S T V W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• Vow = a e ẹ i o u å ä â õ A E Ẹ I O U Å Ä Â Õ ;

• VowNoIU = a e ẹ o å ä â õ A E Ẹ O Å Ä Â Õ ;

• CNoJV = b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C D F G H K L M N P Q R S T W X Z Đ Ʒ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• CNoDLRZ = b c f g h j k m n p q s t v w x z đ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž B C F G H J K M N P Q S T V W X Z Đ Ǯ Č Ŋ Ǩ Ǧ Ǥ Š Ž ;

• Ltrs = Vow Cns ;

• Dummy = %^PAL %^PALE %^PALẸ %^PALÕ %^PALÄ %^PALK %^CC2C %^CCC2C %^CCC2CC %^YXX2IX %^YXX2YX %^KK2GG %^YXX2VX %^KKK2GG %^KKK2ZERO %^C2CC %^J2I %^Pen %^V2VV %^VOWLower %^RmVow %^PenVow2a %^RmCns %^VC %^V2VV %^VOWRaise %^VOWSH %^CLong %^K2GG %> ; - triggers in Sg.Nom and Sg.Gen (Note word-final right arrow bracket 2024-01-10)

Definitions

Short consonant cluster

Onset consonant or word boundary OnSetC = [[%{XC%}:Cns\|Cns:Cns] (Cns:\|%{XC%}:Cns) \|.#.\|#:\|%>\](») ;

Penultimate consonant PenUltCns = [Cns:\](%{XC%}:) ;

following morpheme or word boundary

* RBound = [(%^Hyphen: %-|%^NoHyphen:|%{%-Ø%}:) (∑) #:|.#.|%>|»|%-] ;

ossible triggers before VOWLower and VOWRaise

neutral to vowel length

neutral to vowel height and backness

possible triggers before PALE PALÄ

possible triggers between stem and PALNo and PAL

possible triggers between vowel length and consonant grade

NeutrVowHeightDiphPalAllegroPAL = [ (%^VOWRaise:\|%^VOWLower:) ( ((%^PALÂ:\|%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PALNo:\|%^VOWLower: %^PALÄ:\|(%^PALÕ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PAL:)\| (%^Allegro:) (%^PALÕ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÂ:) (%^PALNo:\](%^PAL:) ) ) ;

possible triggers between word end and consonant grade

possible triggers between vowel length and Palatalization BetweenVowLengthAndPALNo = [(%^VOWLower:\|%^VOWRaise:) (%^PALÄ:\|%^PALE:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÕ:\](%^PALÂ:) ) ;

BetweenVowHeightAndConsGrade = [((%^PALE:\|%^PALÄ:\|%^PALẸ:\|%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PAL:\|(%^PALÂ:\](%^PALÕ:) (%^Allegro:) %^PALNo:)) ;

BetweenStemAndRightArrow = [NeutrVowLenghtHeightDiphPalAllegroPAL BetweenPALNoAndMorphRightArrow] ;

Penultimate vowel centers possible triggers before VOWLower and VOWRaise

PenBetweenStemAndStemFinalVoicing = [PenBetweenStemAndVowelLoss (%^RmVow:\](%^PenVow2a:)) ;

PenBetweenPALNoAndMorph = [(%^Pen: [(%^Allegro:) %^CC2C:\|(%^Allegro:) %^CC2CAllegro:]\|%^Pen: %^C2CC:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2YX:\|%^Pen: %^KK2GG:\|%^Pen: %^CC2CCC:\|%^Pen: %^CCC2C:\|%^Pen: %^CCC2CC:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2VX:\|%^Pen: %^YXX2VXX:\](%^Pen: %^KKK2GG:) RBound ) ;

used in compounding Cmp/SgNom and Cmp/SgGen SgNomGen = [((%^PALE: %^PAL:) %^CCC2C:\|(%^PALE: %^PAL:) %^CCC2CC:\|%^PALẸ:\|[%^PALE:\|%^PALÕ:] %^PAL: %^YXX2IX:\|[%^PALẸ:\|%^PALE:] %^PAL: %^YXX2YX:\|((%^PALE:) %^PAL:) %^KK2GG:\|(%^PALE:) %^PAL:\| ((%^PALE:) %^PAL:) (%^J2I:) %^CC2C:\](%^PAL: %^YXX2VX:));

neutral to consonant length

CNeutrGrade = [([(%^Allegro:) %^CC2C:\|(%^Allegro:) %^CC2CAllegro:] \|[%^C2CC:] \|%^CC2CCC: \|%^KK2GG: \|%^KKK2GG: \|%^YXX2VX: \|%^YXX2VXX:\](%^CCC2CC: )) ;

neutral to vowel and consonant length

NeutrGrade = [VNeutrGrade \](CNeutrGrade) ;

NoVowRaise = \[ %^VOWRaise: \| #]* [#\](.#.) ;

NoCnsDummy = \[ %^CC2C: \| %^CCC2C: \| %^CCC2CC: \| %^YXX2IX: \| %^YXX2YX: \| %^KK2GG: \| %^YXX2VX: \| %^KKK2GG: \| %^KKK2ZERO: \| %^C2CC: \| %^J2I: \| %^RmCns: \| %^K2GG: \]( # )* ;

SurfaceDiphthong = [ :e :ä \| :e :â \| :i :õ \| :i :â \| :i :e \| :i :ẹ \| :u :â \| :u :õ \| :u :å \| :u :ä \| :u :e \]( :u :ẹ ) ;

• X3 = C Vx Cx Cx C Vx Vy Cx ˈ Cx
• X2 = C Vx Vx Cx Cx C Vx Vy Cx Cx
• X1 = C Vx Vx Cx C Vx Vy Cx

Rules

Vowel shortening rules

Vowel shortening â:0 - used in

čââʹđ+N+Sg+Ill: heart/sydän

• čâ^1VOWđđ>ma
• čâ0đđ>ma

-â ǩeʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg: cook/keittää

• ǩeâ{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PALI^PAL
• ǩi0ʹtt0000

Vowel shortening ẹ:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 teevvad+V+Prt+4:

• tẹẹvv^VV2V^VOWRaise>uš
• ti0vv00>uš

Vowel shortening e:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

eʹǩrded+V+Inf

• eeʹǩǩerd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• e0ʹǩ00rd00000>ed

Ââvel+N+Prop+Sg+Loc Ivalo

• Ââvel^RmVow>est
• Ââv0l0>est

Jouste

Vowel shortening å:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 jååʹtted+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3 trekk

• jåå{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PAL>e
• jo0ʹtt000>e låʹǧsted
• lååʹǧǧest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• lå0ʹǧ00st00000

sååbbar+N+Sg+Nom meeting

• så^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV
• sååbbar00

-å

Vowel shortening õ:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^PAL>e
• mõ0ʹnn00>e
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• čõõnâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• čõ0n0st000>ed tõiŋsǩed+V+Inf
• tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• tõ0iŋ0sǩ0000>ed
• ★tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed (is not standard language)
• ★tõ0iŋ0sk0000>ed (is not standard language)

kõõnjâl+N+Sg+Gen tear

• kõ^1VOWnnjâl^Pen^VV2V^Pen^C2CC
• kõ0nnjâl0000

-õ

Vowel shortening u:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

mainstummuš+N+Sg+Ill: story telling/tarinointi

• mainstummuš^RmVow>a
• mainstumm0š0>a

juurd+N+Ess thought

• ju^1VOWrdd>j>en
• ju0rdd>j>en

Oulu

Vowel shortening i:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 viikkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3

• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• ve0ʹǩǩ000>e viikkâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• vẹ00kk00>az
• ★vii{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^VOWLower>az (is not standard language)
• ★vẹẹ0kk00>az (is not standard language) iilâsǩ:ilska

prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla

• prääʹzniǩ^RmVow^PALNo>a

• prääʹzn0k00>a

• žẹẹvai^RmVow^I2Zero>ǥa
• žẹẹv0000>ǥa

+Sg+Ill N_HÕʹPPI

• hõʹppi^UltRmVow>ǥa
• hõʹpp00>ǥa

Vowel shortening o:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3 šoomm+N+Sg+Ill

• šoomm^VV2V^VOWRaise>u
• šu0mm00>u ponjsted+V+Inf
• poonjâst^Pen^VV2V^RmVow>ed
• po0nj0st000>ed poorrâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• poorr^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• på0rr00>az

ooccâd+V+Imprt+Pl3

• oocc^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• å0cc00>az

ooumaž+N+Sg+Nom

• o^1VOWumm^V2VV^XYY2XY>až
• ooum000>až -o

**Vowel shortening a:0 ** - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

• saa{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^PAL>e

• sa0ʹǩǩ00>e

• maainâst^Pen^VV2V>ed
• ma0inâst00>ed

Aanar+N+Prop+Sg+Ill: Inari/Enare

• Aanar^RmVow>a
• Aan0r0>a

mättʼted+V+Inf: teach/opettaa

• mätta0t^RmVow>ed
• mätt0ʼt0>ed

-a

Vowel shortening ä:0 - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

%{ʼØ%} for modifier letter apostrophe - jieʹlli+N+Ess animal/eläin

• jieʹll{ʼØ}i^I2J>en

• jieʹllʼj0>en

• koll>{ʼØ}j>ed
• koll>ʼj>ed
• ★koll>{ʼØ}j>ed (is not standard language)
• ★koll>0j>ed (is not standard language)
• valmštõõll{ʼØ}i^I2J>i
• valmštõõllʼj0>i piânˈnai+N+Ess: dog/koira
• piânˈn^CCC2CC>{ʼØ}j>en
• piân0n0>ʼj>en
• jieʹll{ʼØ}i^I2J>e>st
• jieʹllʼj0>e>st

-ä

Vowel shortening y:0 - used in PX -y

Vowel shortening ö:0 - used in PX -ö

ZERO to syllable mark 0:ʼ, same as modifier letter apostrophe - used in zeeʹtt+N+Sg+Abe: zeeʹttʼtää mättʼted+V+Inf: teach/opettaa

• mätta0t^RmVow>ed
• mätt0ʼt0>ed pueʹtted+V+Der/jed+Der/Caus+Der/NomAct+N+Ess:
• puä{ʹØ}tt^CC2CCC>a0t^RmVow>em^RmVow>en
• puä0tt0>0ʼt0>0m0>en
• ★puä{ʹØ}tt^CC2CCC>at^RmVow>em^RmVow>en (is not standard language)
• ★puä0tt0>0t0>0m0>en (is not standard language) tåpsʼsted+V+Inf:
• tååpsa0st^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed

• tå0ps0ʼst0000>ed

• ijss>0sa

• ijss>ʼsa

• kåčč>0čem

• kåčč>ʼčem

• a^1VOWutt^V2VV^XYY2XY>0taa

• aaut000>ʼtaa

• taaurõ^1VOWš{XC}^C2CC>0ses
• taaurõ0šš0>ʼses

Vowel alternation rules

VOWEL SHIFT

RAISING

deriving +Ind+Prt+Sg1, +Ind+Prt+Sg2 +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in teevvad:tivvu

Vowel raising o:u - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu

• šoomm^VV2V^VOWRaise>u
• šu0mm00>u

Vowel raising %{õu%}:u - Adding tõlvvad+V+Pass+PrfPrc:

• t{õu}{õuØ}lvv^VOWRaise>um
• tu0lvv0>um

Vowel raising å:o - Adding

• kåbll^VOWRaise

• kobll0

• kåå{ʹØ}pp^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>in
• kooʹv0000>in
• kå^1VOW{ʹØ}ll^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL>in
• kooʹll000>in

Vowel raising e:i - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu

reâugg+N+Sg+Ill

• reâugg^VOWRaise>u
• riõugg0>u pieʹhssed+V+Inf: **
• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^PALE^PAL>ed
• pieʹh0ss00>ed mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Nom: milk/maito
• meâ{ʹØ}lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL

• mieʹlǩǩ000

• jeä{ʹØ}gˈg^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^CCC2CC
• jiẹʹǧ0ǧ0000
• beâ{ʹØ}sˈs^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CCC2CC
• bieʹs0s0000
• ceägˈg^VOWRaise>u
• ciâgˈg0>u cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Ill: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä
• ceä{ʹØ}kˈkes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC
• ciẹʹǩ0ǩes000000

Vowel raising ẹ:i - used in

• pẹ^1VOWss^VOWRaise>u
• pi0ss0>u
• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV^VOWRaise>už
• piiss00>už
• tẹẹvv^VV2V^VOWRaise>uš
• ti0vv00>uš peigg+N+Sg+Ill
• ★pẹ^1VOWigg^VOWRaise^VYY2XYY>u (is not standard language)
• ★pẹ0jgg00>u (is not standard language)

Vowel raising â:õ - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu mââʹnn+N+Pl+Acc: egg/muna

• mââ{ʹØ}nn^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>id
• mõõʹn0000>id pââʹjj+N+Pl+Gen
• pââ{ʹØ}jj^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>i
• põõ0j000>i
• ★pââ{ʹØ}jj^VOWRaise^PAL^CC2C>i (is not standard language)
• ★pââ0j000>i (is not standard language) čâʹlmm+N+Pl+Acc: eye/silmä
• čâ^1VOW{ʹØ}lmm^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>id
• čõõʹlm00000>id kââʹǩǩed+V+Act+PrsPrc+Sg+Nom: rub/hangata
• kââ{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PAL>i
• kõõʹǩǩ00>i
• ★kââ{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise^PAL>i (is not standard language)
• ★kââʹǩǩ00>i (is not standard language)
• ruâk0k^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• ruõkˈk00>u
• čuâkˈk^VOWRaise>u
• čuõkˈk0>u kuâsˈsad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3
• kuâsˈs^VOWRaise>u
• kuõsˈs0>u reâugg+N+Sg+Ill
• reâugg^VOWRaise>u
• riõugg0>u veârrad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3
• veâr0r^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• viõrˈr00>u ǩeâikk+N+Sg+Ill: **
• ǩeâi{ʹØ}kk^VOWRaise>u
• ǩiõi0kk0>u

Diphthong raising beginning with u ä:å - kuärŋŋad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3

• kuärŋŋ^VOWRaise>u
• kuårŋŋ0>u
• ★kuärŋŋ^VOWRaise>u (is not standard language)
• ★kuõrŋŋ0>u (is not standard language)

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:â - reäkkad+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3

• reäk0k^VOWRaise^CC2CCC>u
• riâkˈk00>u ǩeäinn+N+Sg+Ill: road/tie
• ǩeäinn^VOWRaise>u
• ǩiâinn0>u
• ★ǩeäinn^VOWRaise>u (is not standard language)
• ★ǩiäinn0>u (is not standard language)

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:e - used in

• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000
• mõõnn^VV2V^CC2CAllegro»škuä{ʹØ}t0t^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>iǩ
• mõ0n000»škueʹtˈt0000>iǩ

Diphthong raising beginning with e:i ä:ẹ - used in

• čuä{ʹØ}ckk^PALẸ^PAL^XYY2XY>es
• čuẹʹcǩ0000>es
• suä{ʹØ}kk^PALẸ^PAL^KK2GG
• suẹʹjj000 vuẹ’ddes+N+Sg+Nom: root/juuri
• vuä{ʹØ}dˈdes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC
• vuẹʹd0des000000

diphthong backing beginning with u ä:õ - used in

• jeä{ʹØ}l0l^VOWRaise^PALÕ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• jiõʹlˈl0000>e

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong raising beginning with ä:a u - deriving läullad > laullum

• rääuh^VOWRaise>u
• raauh0>u
• ä^1VOWldd^VOWRaise>u
• a0ldd0>u
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^XYY2XY>u
• aald0000>u čääʹcc+N+Pl+Acc water
• čää{ʹØ}cc^VOWRaise^PAL^KK2GG>id
• čaaʹʒʒ00>id mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2VY>i
• maa0uʹs00000>i
• ★mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2VY>i (is not standard language)
• ★mää0uʹs00000>i (is not standard language) mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Pl3: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^VOWRaise^PAL>e
• ma0ʹh0ss00>e
• ★mä^1VOW{ʹØ%}h%{ʹØ%}ss^VOWRaise^PAL>e (is not standard language)
• ★mä0ʹh0ss00>e (is not standard language)

  LOWERING

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering o:å - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in poorrâd poorrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 eat/syödä

• poo{ʹØ}rr^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• på0ʹrr000>e poorrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 eat/syödä
• poo{ʹØ}rr^VOWLower
• påå0rr0 juʹrdded+V+Cond+Sg1: joordčem juʹrdded > joordam

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering i:e - viǯǯâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 fetch/noutaa

• vi^1VOW0ǯǯ^VOWLower^PAL>e
• ve0ʹǯǯ00>e viikkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3
• vii0kk^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• ve0ʹǩǩ000>e

siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä

• siõ0r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e
• siõrr^VOWLower
• seârr
• ★siõrr^VOWLower (is not standard language)
• ★siârr0 (is not standard language)

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• ceäkˈkaz0000

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering i:ẹ ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3 in viǯǯâd viǯǯâd+V+Imprt+Sg2 **fetch/noutaa

• vi^1VOWǯǯ^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• vẹẹǯǯ00>as viikkâd+V+Imprt+Pl3
• viikk^VV2V^VOWLower>az
• vẹ0kk00>az

Vowel lowering a:ä -

mään+N+Sg+Nom: moon/kuu

• ma^1VOWnn^V2VV^VOWLower^CC2C
• mään0000
• ★ma^1VOWnn^V2VV^VOWLower^CC2C (is not standard language)
• ★maan0000 (is not standard language)

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering u:o - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in uʹvdded

uʹvdded+V+Cond+Pl3 to give

• u^1VOWvdd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2VY>če
• ooud0000>če uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• u^1VOWvdd^VOWLower^XYY2VYY
• o0udd00 vuʹvll+N+Sg+Ill: voulla
• vu^1VOWvll^VOWLower^XYY2VYY>a
• vo0ull00>a puʹhtted+V+Cond+Pl3 to give
• pu^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^VOWLower
• po00h0tt0

kuullâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 hear/kuulla

• kuu0ll^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL^CC2C>e
• ko0ʹl00000>e juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOW{ʹØ}rdd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2XY>am
• joo0rd0000>am juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 think
• ju^1VOW0rdd^VOWLower^PAL>e
• jo0ʹrdd00>e

stuuʹl+N+Sg+Ill: chair/tuoli

• stu^1VOW{VU}l^V2VV^VOWLower>a
• stooul00>a juʹrdded+V+Cond+Sg1: joordčem juʹrdded > joordam

puuʹttes+A+Sg+Gen: bright/kirkas

• pu^1VOWttes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• po0ttaz0000
• ★pu^1VOWttes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC (is not standard language)
• ★pu0ttaz0000 (is not standard language)

suukkâd+V+Imprt+Sg3: row/soutaa

• suukk^VOWLower^KK2GG>as
• sooǥǥ00>as

**Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering u:õ ** - deriving

• ču^1VOWkk^V2VV^U2Õ>až
• čõõkk00>až

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering õ:â ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in viǯǯâd riõkkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 **to whip

• riõkˈk^VOWLower#
• reâkˈk0#
• mõõ0nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• mõõnn^VOWLower^CC2C>as
• mâân000>as

vââid+N+Sg+Nom: **

• võ^1VOWidd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2XY
• vââid0000 kuõskkâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• kuõskk^VOWLower
• kuâskk0 juõiggâd+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• kuõigg^VOWLower
• kuâigg0

Diphthongs

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening after u å:ä - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in kuåccâd kuäʹcce = a>ä lowering clockwise

• kuå0c0c^VOWLower^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• kuäʹcˈc000>e puäj+N+Sg+Nom
• puåjˈj^VOWLower^CCC2C
• puåj0000
• ★puåjˈj^VOWLower^CCC2C (is not standard language)
• ★puäj0j00 (is not standard language)

Vowel in second syllable e:a - deriving cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: ceäkˈkaz cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower^PenVow2a^VC
• ceäkˈkaz0000 puuʹttes+A+Sg+Gen

**Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening i:e â:ä for â:ä ** - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in čiõkkâd

• vuâinn^VOWLower
• vuäinn0 vueʹlǧǧed+Use/NG+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 leave/lähteä
• vuâ0lgg^PALÄ^PAL>a
• vuäʹlǧǧ00>a tieʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 know/tietää
• t e (Eng. â {ʹØ} t ˈ t ^PALÄ ^PAL ^CC2CCC > e)
• t e (Eng. ä ʹ t ˈ t 0 0 0 > e)

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening after i:e e:â - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in pi%{EÂ%}ʹǩǩ:peâkka

Vowel backing

** u å:õ** - used in = a>ä lowering clockwise

• puått^VOWRaise>u
• puõtt0>u

Vowel Palatalization

diphthong allophonic realization in palatalization u å:e - deriving e from å

• puå0v0v^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• pueʹvˈv000>e

diphthong allophonic realization in palatalization u å:ẹ - deriving

Vowel Lowering and Fronting

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening õ:ä after i:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in čiõkkâd siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä

• siõ0r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e

SECONDARY FRONTING

Even syllabic verbs I, secondary vowel fronting with PAL u õ:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in VIQQAD: kuõskkâd >kueʹsǩǩe

• kuõ0skk^VOWLower^PALE^PAL>e
• kueʹsǩǩ000>e

**Even syllabic verbs I, secondary u > v **

RELATIVE VOWEL LENGTHENING

vowel lengthening and consonant shortening, %^Pen: %^V2VV and %^CShort

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:â - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded šõddâd+V+Imprt+Sg3:

• šõ^1VOWdd^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• šââdd00>as

nââʹer+N+Sg+Nom sleep

• nâ^1VOW0kker^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^KK2ZERO
• nââʹ00er000000

radio+N+Sg+Ill

• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

%^1VOW:ẹ relative vowel lengthening - sẹẹr+N+Pl+Nom: **

• sẹ^1VOWrr^CC2C
• sẹẹr00 pess+N+Sg+Acc: rifle/pyssy
• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV
• pẹẹss0 veʹrǧǧ+N+Der/lazh+A+Sg+Nom
• vẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}rgg^V2VV^XYY2XY>laž
• vẹẹ0rǥ000>laž čẹẹuʹres+N+Sg+Nom = otter
• čẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}rres^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2XY
• čẹẹuʹr0es000000 viǯǯâd+V+Imprt+Sg2 fetch/noutaa
• vi^1VOWǯǯ^V2VV^VOWLower>as
• vẹẹǯǯ00>as eelas+N+Sg+Nom:
• ẹ^1VOWllas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• ẹẹl0as0000

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:e - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOW0m^V2VV^PAL
• čââʹlmteeʹm00 reeʹǧǧes+A+Sg+Nom: rich/rikas
• rẹ^1VOW0gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• rẹẹʹǧǧes0000
• pẹ^1VOWi0vv^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY

• peeiʹv0000

• kaađnẹ^1VOW0ǩ{XC}^V2VV^PAL^C2CC
• kaađneeʹǩǩ000

Jouste+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Jouste^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Joustee0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:å - deriving sååbbar+N+Sg+Nom

• så^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV
• sååbbar00
• ★så%^1VOWbbar^Pen^V2VV (is not standard language)
• ★så0bbar00 (is not standard language) radio+N+Sg+Ill
• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje
• jå^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^PAL^XYY2VY
• jåå0uʹs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:õ - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded âʹlǧǧ+N+Pl+Gen: boy/poika

• â^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>i
• õõʹlj00000>i čâʹlmm+N+Pl+Acc: eye/silmä
• čâ^1VOW{ʹØ}lmm^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>id
• čõõʹlm00000>id
• ču^1VOWkk^V2VV^U2Õ>až

• čõõkk00>až

• võ^1VOWrr^V2VV^CC2C
• võõr000
• sõ^1VOWll^V2VV^CC2C
• sõõl000
• mättʼtõ^1VOWs{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• mättʼtõõzz00
• sõ^1VOWhss^V2VV^XYY2VY
• sõõus000

relative vowel lengthening %{õuØ%}:õ

radio+N+Sg+Ill

• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:ä - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uʹvdded

• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^CC2C
• ääld000
• jä^1VOWu0rr^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• jääuʹr0000 mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^XYY2VY>am
• mää0u0s000>am mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg4: pay/maksaa
• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^PAL^XYY2VY>et
• mää0uʹs0000>et

Määttä+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Määttä^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Määttää0ʹje

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:a - deriving +V+Inf in MAINSTED: maainstam, mainstam

• dura^1VOWk^V2VV
• duraak0
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^CC2C>už
• aald0000>už täiʹdded+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3:
• tä^1VOWi{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY

mäʹhssed+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: pay/maksaa

• mä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2VY>i
• maa0uʹs00000>i

taalkâs+N+Sg+Nom

biologia+N+Sg+Ill

• biologia^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• biologiaa0ʹje

Relative vowel lengthening %^1VOW:o - simultaneous lengthening and lowering: juʹrdded > joordam juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1

• u^1VOWvdd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2VY>če
• ooud0000>če juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOWrdd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2XY>am
• joord0000>am
• kå^1VOW0ll^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL>in
• kooʹll000>in
• tå^1VOWidd^V2VV^VOWRaise^XYY2XY>čed
• tooid0000>čed oolmaž+N+Sg+Nom: person/henkilö
• o^1VOWlmm^V2VV^XYY2XY>až
• oolm000>až Sajos+N+Prop+Sg+Gen:Sajoozz
• Sajo^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• Sajoo0zz00
• ★Sajo^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG (is not standard language)
• ★Sajo00zz00 (is not standard language) toll+N+Sg+Gen: fire/tuli
• to^1VOWll^V2VV^CC2C
• tool000
• to^1VOW0ll^V2VV^PAL^CC2C>e
• tooʹl0000>e
• ko^1VOWnttâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• koont0âr0000 radio+N+Sg+Ill
• radio^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• radioo0ʹje

Even syllabic nouns I, relative vowel lengthening i - ǩiđđ:ǩiiđ

leuʹdd+N+Pl+Gen

• lẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>i
• liiuʹd00000>i pirsted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg
• piirâst
• piirâst
• pẹ^1VOWss^V2VV^VOWRaise>už

• piiss00>už

• ǩi^1VOWđđ^V2VV^CC2C
• ǩiiđ000

Terhi+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Terhi^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Terhii0ʹje

Even syllabic nouns, relative vowel extra lengthening u not followed by v - declension of nouns kunn > kuun mainstummuš+N+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen: story telling/tarinointi

• mainstummu^1VOWš{XC}^Pen^CC2C^V2VV^K2GG
• mainstum0uužž0000

tuuibâl+N+Sg+Nom: **

• tu^1VOWibbâl^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• tuuib0âl0000
• pu^1VOW0ttes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• puuʹttes0000
• ★pu%^1VOW0ttes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL (is not standard language)
• ★pu0ʹttes0000 (is not standard language)

vuʹvdd+N+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen: area/alue

• vu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY
• vuuʹv0d0000 Oulu+N+Prop+Sg+Ill
• Oulu^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Ouluu0ʹje

Word-final vowel ö - Enontekiö+N+Prop+Sg+Ill

• Enontekiö^1VOW^V2VVʹje
• Enontekiöö0ʹje

simultaneous lengthening and raising, hmm: xfst ordering might be easier

VOWEL DUMMY LOSS

SEMI VOWELS

Even syllabic nouns, for j>i - sijdd > siid This will need a special extra-lengthening rule

• ijss^XYY2VY>âs
• iis00>âs fiinâs+N+Sg+Nom: fine/hieno
• fijnnâs>^Pen^XYY2VY

• fiin0âs>00

• sââjj^J2I^CC2C
• sââi000 tuâjj+N+Sg+Acc work
• tuâjj^J2I^CC2C
• tuâi000

Even syllabic verbs, for v>u - uvdd > ouʹdde

• u^1VOWv0dd^PAL^XYY2VY
• u0uʹd000
• u^1VOWvdd^VOWLower^XYY2VYY
• o0udd00 kuʹvǯǯ+N+Sg+Gen
• ku^1VOWv0ǯǯ^VV2V^PAL^XYY2VY
• ku0uʹǯ0000 kuʹvǯǯ+N+Sg+Gen: /
• ku^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ǯǯ
• kuuʹ00ǯ0 uudâs+N+Sg+Nom: creature/luomus
• uvddâs^Pen^XYY2VY
• uud0âs00

Even syllabic nouns, for h>u - luhtt s s: … uhss+N+Der/Dim+N+Sg+Gen door

• uh0ss^PAL^XYY2VY>e

• uuʹs000>e

• sä^1VOWhss^V2VV^XYY2VY>am
• sääus000>am

piiutâs+N+Sg+Nom clothing/vaate

• pi^1VOWhttâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2VY
• piiut0âs0000

Even syllabic nouns, for h>i - kueʹhtt kueiʹt+Num+Sg+Gen two/kaksi

• kuâh{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^XYY2IY
• kueiʹt0000
• ★kuâh{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^XYY2IY (is not standard language)
• ★kuâhʹt0000 (is not standard language)

trisyllabic verbs and doer derivations, i>j - used in

• valmštõõll{ʼØ}i^I2J>i
• valmštõõllʼj0>i piânˈnai+N+Ess: dog/koira
• piânˈn^CCC2CC>{ʼØ}j>en
• piân0n0>ʼj>en

peigg+N+Sg+Ill

• pẹ^1VOWigg^VOWRaise^VYY2XYY>u
• pi0jgg00>u

VOWELS TENSE vs LAX 2012-11-28

Vowels for â:i - ǩeʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg: cook/keittää

• ǩeâ0tt^VOWRaise^PALI^PAL
• ǩiiʹtt000

Vowels for â:e - miârr+N+Sg+Ill

• miâ0rr^PALE^PAL>e
• mieʹrr00>e mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Nom
• meâ0lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL
• mieʹlǩǩ000
• piâ0ss^PALE^PAL
• pieʹss00
• ǩiâ0p0p^PALE^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• ǩieʹpˈp000>e
• kuâ0ll^PALE^PAL
• kueʹll00 tieʹtted+V+Imprt+Sg2: know/tietää
• teâ0tt^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• tieʹđ00000 mueʹles+N+Sg+Nom
• muâ{ʹØ}lles^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^CC2C
• mueʹl0es000000 kueʹtǩes+N+Sg+Nom
• kuâ{ʹØ}tkkes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2XY
• kueʹtǩ0es000000

pieʹhssed+V+Inf: **

• peâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}ss^PALE^PAL>ed
• pieʹh0ss00>ed
• ǩeâ0sttes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2XY
• ǩeeʹst0es000000 ǩeʹtted+V+Ind+Prs+ConNeg: cook/keittää
• ǩeâ0tt^PALE^PAL
• ǩeeʹtt00

Even-syllabic nouns, for â:ẹ - used in pieʹll+N+Sg+Nom: half

• peä0ll^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL
• piẹʹll000
• tuâjj^PALẸ
• tuẹjj0

Palatalization for ẹ:e - used in reʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom

• rẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^PAL^XYY2VY
• ree0uʹt0000 peiʹvv+N+Sg+Gen: day/päivä
• pẹ^1VOWi{ʹØ}vv^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• peeiʹv0000 karies+N+Sg+Nom: caries/hammasmätä
• kariẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}s^PALE
• karie00s0

reeʹǧǧes+A+Sg+Nom: rich/rikas

• rẹ:e^1VOW{ʹØ}gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• reeʹǧǧes000000

VOWEL and ZERO ALTERNATION

Realization for â in a - used in

• ǩiõrggân^PenVow2a
• ǩiõrggan0

THE NON-ORTHOGRAPHIC SYLLABLE

Loss of ʼ when preceded by vowel - This is a temporary solution to “ʼ” in võʹllʼjed, it deletes softmark when preceded by vowel

%{A1%}:ʼ when subseqent syllable has vowel v - This is a temporary solution to “ʼ” in võʹllʼjed 2013-08-29

PALATALIZATION

%{ʹØ%}:ʹ as transfer from left of v:u and all instances of modifier letter prime - used +Ind+Prs+Pl3, uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: ouʹdde

uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: give/antaa

• u^1VOWv{ʹØ}dd^VOWLower^PAL^XYY2VYY>e
• o0uʹdd000>e
• u^1VOWv{ʹØ}dd^PAL^XYY2VY
• u0uʹd000
• Teäpˈpnẹ%^1VOW%{ʹØ%}d
• Teäpˈpne0ʹd

täʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom: bone/luu

• tä^1VOWh{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^PAL^XYY2VY
• tääuʹt0000 täʹhtt+N+Pl+Gen: bone/luu
• tä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2VY>i
• taa0uʹt00000>i kueiʹt+Num+Sg+Gen two/kaksi
• kuâ{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PALE^PAL^XYY2IY
• kue0iʹt0000 uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: give/antaa
• u^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}dd^PAL>ed
• u0ʹv0dd0>e tuʹvnn+N+Sg+Nom: ** € tu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}nn^PAL € tu0ʹv0nn0 täʹhtt+N+Pl+Nom: **bone/luu
• tä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}tt^PAL
• tääuʹt0000

čẹẹuʹres+N+Sg+Nom = otter

• čẹ^1VOWu{ʹØ}rres^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2XY
• čẹẹuʹr0es000000 siõrrâd+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: play/leikkiä
• siõ{ʹØ}r0r^VOWLower^PALÄ^PAL^CC2CCC>e
• seäʹrˈr0000>e
• saa{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^PAL>e
• sa0ʹǩǩ00>e tää%{ʹØ}ss+N+Sg+Gen: level/taso
• ★tää0ss^PAL^KK2GG (is not standard language)
• ★tää0zz00 (is not standard language)
• mõõ{ʹØ}nn^VV2V^VOWLower^PAL>e
• mâ0ʹnn000>e
• jåå{ʹØ}tt^VV2V^VOWRaise^PAL>e
• jo0ʹtt000>e
• kuâ{ʹØ}ll^PALE^PAL
• kueʹll00
• veä{ʹØ}kˈk^PAL
• veäʹǩˈǩ0
• ★veä{ʹØ}kˈk^PAL (is not standard language)
• ★veäʹkˈk0 (is not standard language)
• stu^1VOW{VU}{ʹØ}l^PAL
• stu0uʹl0
• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}m^PAL
• čââʹlmte0ʹm0
• kä^1VOW{ʹØ}lles^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• kääʹlles0000
• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000
• seäh{ʹØ}tter^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2VY
• seeuʹt0er000000

huʹvǧǧi+N+Sg+Nom: rattle/suhistin

• hu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ggi^Pen^PAL
• hu0ʹv0ǧǧi00 The left context allows for: Vowel shortening, and j/v > Vow

d:đ in weak grade - used in

• ǩeä0dgg^VOWRaise^PALẸ^PAL^XYY2XY
• ǩiẹʹđj00000

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization of g:ǧ - used in reäiʹǧǧ+N+Sg+Nom: hole/reikä

• reäi0gg^PAL
• reäiʹǧǧ0 šäʹŋǧǧ+N+Sg+Com: pasty/piirakka
• šä^1VOW0ŋgg^V2VV^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>in
• šaaʹŋǧ00000>in vueʹlǧǧed+Use/NG+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3 leave/lähteä
• vuâ0lgg^PALÄ^PAL>a

• vuäʹlǧǧ00>a

• veâ{ʹØ}rǧǧ^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^PALK
• vieʹrǧǧ0000

bioloog+N+Sg+Ill biologist

• bioloo0g^PAL>e
• biolooʹǧ0>e

huʹvǧǧi+N+Sg+Nom: rattle/suhistin

• hu^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ggi^Pen^PAL
• hu0ʹv0ǧǧi00

ääʹǧǧes+N+Sg+Nom: **

• ä^1VOW{ʹØ}gges^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• ääʹǧǧes000000
• a^1VOW{ʹØ}lggi^Pen^PAL^Pen^PALK
• a0ʹlǧǧi0000

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization of k:ǩ here - used in

hääʹsǩ Perhaps the stem should simply be häskk

• hää0sk^PAL
• hääʹsǩ0 testnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}k^PAL^PALK

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Ill: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ceä{ʹØ}kˈkes^Pen^PALẸ^Pen^PAL^Pen^CCC2CC
• ciẹʹǩ0ǩes000000

mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Acc: milk/maito

• meâ0lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• mieʹlǩ00000

rääʹǩǩes+A+Sg+Nom beloved/rakas

• rä^1VOW0kkes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL
• rääʹǩǩes0000
• jo^1VOW0kk^PAL>e
• jo0ʹǩǩ0>e
• saa0kk^VV2V^PAL>e
• sa0ʹǩǩ00>e kåålvak+N+Sg+Loc
• kåålvak^RmVow^PALK>est
• kåålv0ǩ00>est

tõiŋsǩed+V+Inf

• tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• tõ0iŋ0sǩ0000>ed
• ★tõõiŋâsk^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed (is not standard language)
• ★tõ0iŋ0sk0000>ed (is not standard language)

Even-syllabic nouns I, Depalatalization of ǩ:k - used in

• mätkk>a
• mätkk>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Ill:
• kaađnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}ǩ{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađnẹ00kk00>a

prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla

• prääʹzniǩ^RmVow^PALNo>a
• prääʹzn0k00>a
• kaaddâšǩ^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow^PALNo>a
• ka0d00šk000000>a
• ★vieʹǩǩet%^PALNo (is not standard language)
• ★vieʹǩket0 (is not standard language)

Even-syllabic nouns, removing palatalization in -est +Loc nouns - removing palatalization in +Sg+Ill, pieʹss:peässa

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOWm{XC}^C2CC>a
• čââʹlmtẹ0mm0>a stroitteʹl+N+Sg+Ill: plant/laitos
• stroitteʹl^RmVow^PALNo>a
• stroitt00l00>a prääʹzniǩ+N+Sg+Ill: celebration/juhla
• prääʹzniǩ^RmVow^PALNo>a
• prääʹzn0k00>a

Consonant QUANTITY CHANGE gradation rules

Weakening Consonant Cluster

dealing with relative length changes mõõnnâd : mõʹnne : mõõn

Even syllabic verbs I, cg m:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, oolmaž+N+Sg+Nom: person/henkilö

• o^1VOWlmm^V2VV^XYY2XY>až
• oolm000>až
• sää0mm^PAL^CC2C
• sääʹm000 kåʹmrded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg3 bow
• kååʹmmerd^PenVow2a
• kååʹmmard0 mainstummuš+N+Err/Orth+Sg+Gen: story telling/tarinointi
• ★mainstummu%^1VOWš{XC}^Pen^CC2C^V2VV%^K2GG (is not standard language)
• ★mainstummuužž0000 (is not standard language)

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for b - used neiʹbb+N+Sg+Gen: knife/veitsi

• nẹ^1VOWi0bb^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• neeiʹb0000 vuäʹbb+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg2
• vuä{ʹØ}bˈb^VOWRaise^PALẸ^Allegro^PAL^CCC2CAllegro>stad
• vuẹʹb0000000>stad äʹrbb+N+Sg+Gen: heritage/perintö
• ä^1VOW0rbb^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY
• ääʹrb0000 joorbâs+A+Sg+Nom
• jo^1VOWrbbâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• joorb0âs0000 kuâbsted
• kuâ{ˈ1}bbast^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• kuâˈb00st000

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss p:0 - used in

• ǩiâpp^CC2C
• ǩiâv00
• vuäʹppest^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• vuäʹp00st000>ed
• ka^1VOWmppâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• kaamp0âr0000
• ★ka%^1VOWmppâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY (is not standard language)
• ★kaamppâr0000 (is not standard language) riipâs+N+Sg+Nom: snail/etana
• rijppâs ^Pen:0 (Eng. ^XYY2VY:0)
• riip0âs ^Pen:0 (Eng. ^XYY2VY:0)

Even syllabic verbs I, cg v:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, teevvad > teev

• pẹ^1VOWi0vv^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• peeiʹv0000 aasvâs+N+Sg+Nom: **
• a^1VOWsvvâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• aasv0âs0000 tuõvâs+N+Sg+Nom: candle/tuohus, kynttilä
• tuõvˈvâs^Pen^CCC2C
• tuõv00âs00 juʹvjj+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3:
• ju^1VOWv0jj^VV2V^PAL^XYY2VY>stes
• ju0uʹj0000>stes
• ju{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}jj^VV2V^PAL^XYY2VY>stes
• juʹ00j0000>stes

f:0 - used in

kaaʹff+N+Sg+Gen coffee

• kaa0ff^PAL^CC2C
• kaaʹf000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg n:0 - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, jiõnn:jiõn vueʹn+N+Sg+Nom: mother-in-law/anoppi

• vuâ0nˈn^PALE^PAL^CCC2C
• vueʹn00000 čuânj+N+Sg+Nom: goose/hanhi
• čuõnˈnj^VOWLower^CCC2C
• čuân00j00 jeäʹnn+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg1: mother/äiti
• jeä0{ʹØ}nˈn^PALẸ^PAL^CCC2CAllegro>stan
• jiẹˈʹn00000>stan huânas+N+Sg+Nom: **
• huânˈnas^Pen^CCC2C
• huân00as00

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel ij>ii/uv>uu and dd>d - used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen, sijdd > siid

• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^XYY2XY
• ääld000
• ä^1VOWldd^V2VV^VOWRaise^XYY2XY>už
• aald0000>už
• u^1VOWv0dd^PAL^XYY2VY
• u0uʹd000 juʹrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1 think
• ju^1VOWrdd^V2VV^VOWLower^XYY2XY>am
• joord0000>am

uʹvdded+V+Ind+Prs+4:

• u^1VOWv0dd^PAL^XYY2VY>et

• u0uʹd000>et

• idd:id, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg double consonants following vowel and “i” at coda that become single consonants in gradation uudâs+N+Sg+Nom: creature/luomus
• uvddâs^Pen^XYY2VY
• uud0âs00

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for ʒ - used with pääʹʒʒelm+N+Sg+Ill: päʹʒlma sauʒʒ+N+Pl+Nom sheep/lammas

• sa^1VOWuʒʒ^V2VV^XYY2XY
• saauʒ000

ǯ:0 - used in kuʹvǯǯ+N+Sg+Gen

• ku^1VOW{ʹØ}v{ʹØ}ǯǯ^PAL^XYY2VY
• ku00uʹǯ000

č:0 - used in

c:0 - used in

• kä^1VOW{ʹØ}h{ʹØ}cces^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^XYY2VY
• kä00uʹc0es000000

ž:0 - used in

väžsted+V+Inf

• vääžžast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• vä0ž00st000000>ed

z:0 - used in

• ǩeâsttez^PenVow2a^RmCns
• ǩeâstta000 juzrdâd+V+Inf:
• juuzzârd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow
• ju0z00rd00000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for đ - used with ǩiđđ:ǩiiđ

• ǩi^1VOWđđ^V2VV^CC2C
• ǩiiđ000
• o^1VOWđđâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• oođ0âs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for r - used with võrr:võõr

• võ^1VOWrr^V2VV^CC2C
• võõr000
• paarr^CC2C
• paar00
• jä^1VOWu0rr^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• jääuʹr0000 čårsted+V+Inf: descriminate/syrjiä
• čåårrast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• čå0r00st00000>ed
• ★čåårrast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed (is not standard language)
• ★čå0rr0st00000>ed (is not standard language)

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for l - used with vuʹvll+N+Sg+Gen: vuuʹl deriving

• to^1VOWll^V2VV^CC2C
• tool000
• stä^1VOW0llj^V2VV^PAL^CC2C
• stääʹl0j000 alttõõlli+N+NomAg+Pl+Gen
• alttõõll{ʼØ}i^CC2C
• alttõõl00i0

pääʹljes+N+Sg+Nom: path/polku

• pä^1VOW0lljes^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^CC2C
• pääʹl0jes000000 talsted+V+Inf:
• taallâst^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• ta0l00st00000>ed

vuʹvll+N+Sg+Gen:

• vu^1VOWv0ll^PAL^XYY2VY
• vu0uʹl000

deriving kueʹll+N+Sg+Gen: kueʹl

• kuâ0ll^V2VV^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• kueʹl00000

**j:0 ** - used in

ǩeʹrjj+N+Pl+Nom: book/kirja

• ǩẹ^1VOW0rjj^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY
• ǩeeʹrj0000 tuâjj+N+Sg+Acc: work/työ
• tuâjj^CC2C
• tuâj00 tuâjj+N+Sg+Gen:tuâi
• tuâjj^J2I^CC2C
• tuâi000
• po^1VOWjjâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• pooj0âs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, cg for g - used in cõõggâlm+N+Sg+Ill

• cõõggâlm^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>a
• cõ0g00lm00000>a
• ǩeâlggal^Pen^XYY2XY
• ǩeâlǥ0al00

äiʹǧǧ+N+Sg+Gen: time/aika

• ä^1VOWi0gg^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY
• ääiʹj0000 reäiʹǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom: hole/reikä
• reäi0gg^PAL^XYY2XY
• reäiʹj000

Allegro loss ǧ - used in

• lååʹǧǧest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• lå0ʹǧ00st00000

GEMINATE TO WEAK QUALITY GEMINATE Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and KK>ǤǤ - used in used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen for cases like lookki > looǥǥi.

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOW{ʹØ}k{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čâustõõ0ǥǥ00 with allegro čâustõk+N+Sg+Ela+PxSg3
• čâustõ{ʹØ}k^K2GAllegro>stes

• čâustõ0ǥ0>stes

• jo^1VOWkk^V2VV^KK2GG
• jooǥǥ00 puâǥǥ+N+Sg+Nom: **
• puõkˈk^VOWLower^KKK2GG
• puâǥ0ǥ00

čuâǥǥas+N+Sg+Nom road

• čuâkˈk^KKK2GG>as
• čuâǥ0ǥ0>as

loǥškueʹtted begin to read

• loo{ʹØ}kk^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škueʹtted
• lo00ǥ000»škueʹtted

čõõǥǥâs

• čõ^1VOWkkâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^KK2GG
• čõõǥǥâs0000

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and k:j - used in used with

. tuʹmstõk+N+Der/Dimin+N+Pl+Nom: decision/päätös, mietintö

• tuʹmstõ^1VOW0k{XC}^V2VV^PAL^K2GG>e
• tuʹmstõõʹjj000>e

with allegro

• suä0kk^PALẸ^PAL^KK2GG

• suẹʹjj000

• jeä0kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2GG^RmVow>až
• jeeʹj0j0l0000000>až

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and ǩ:j - used in used with

.

š:0 - used in Allegro

šapšš+N+Sg+Gen white fish/siika

• ša^1VOWpšš^V2VV^XYY2XY
• šaapš000 ruõšsted+V+Inf: **
• ruõ{ˈ1%}ššâst^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow>ed
• ruõˈš00st000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing š:ž - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation lookkmõš+N+Sg+Gen

• lookkmõ^1VOWš{XC}^V2VV^K2GG

• lookkmõõžž00 with allegro

• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škuätt
• på0z000»škuätt

mainstummuš+N+Sg+Gen:

• mainstummuš^VC
• mainstummuž0

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing c:ʒ - cc:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation

• čää0cc^PAL^KK2GG
• čääʹʒʒ00 čääʹcc+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3
• čää0cc^VV2V^PAL^KK2GAllegro>stes
• čä0ʹʒ0000>stes
• čää0cc^PAL^KK2GG>stes
• čääʹʒʒ00>stes
• puõcˈc^VOWLower^PALÄ^KKK2GG
• puäʒ0ʒ000
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škuätt
• på0z000»škuätt

õõʒʒâs+N+Sg+Nom: high water/vuoksi

• õ^1VOWccâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^KK2GG
• õõʒʒâs0000

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing č:j - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation

• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škuätt
• på0z000»škuätt

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing after long vowel or diphthong s:z s:z - ss:zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation tääʹss+N+Sg+Gen: level/taso

• tää0ss^PAL^KK2GG
• tääʹzz00
• mättʼtõ^1VOWs{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• mättʼtõõzz00 with allegro

cieʹǩǩes+N+Sg+Gen: trick, type of ear mark/tikki, pykälä

• ★ciâkˈkes^Pen^VOWLower%^PenVow2a%^VC (is not standard language)
• ★ceäkˈkas0000 (is not standard language)
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škuätt
• på0z000»škuätt

čårrõs+N+Sg+Gen

• čårrõ^1VOW{ʹØ}s{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čårrõõ0zz00

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss t:0 - used in autt+N+Pl+Nom car/auto

• a^1VOWutt^V2VV^CC2C
• aaut000 põrtt+N+Pl+Nom house/talo
• põ^1VOW{ʹØ}rtt^V2VV^XYY2XY

• põõ0rt000

• ko^1VOWnttâr^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY
• koont0âr0000 puʹtsted+V+Inf: **
• puuʹttest^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• pu0ʹt00st00000 piiutâs+N+Sg+Nom clothing/vaate
• pi^1VOWhttâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2VY
• piiut0âs0000 kääđas+N+Sg+Nom
• kä^1VOWttas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kääđ0as0000

Consonant loss s:0 - used in

• sä^1VOWhss^V2VV^XYY2VY>am
• sääus000>am

ǩeeʹstes+N+Pl+Nom: glove/kinnas

• ǩeâ%{ʹØ%}sttes^PenVow2a^RmCns
• ǩeâ0stta000

uhss+N+Sg+Gen door

• uhss^XYY2VY
• uus00

ǩeäsʼsted+V+Inf:

• ǩeä{ˈ1}ssa0st^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• ǩeäˈs00ʼst0000>ed âʹpsted+V+Inf: smell a little/haiskahtaa
• ââʹpsest^Pen^VV2V^RmVow
• â0ʹp00st000

Consonant loss ŋ:0 - used in

Consonant loss h:0 - used in ruʹhss+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg3:

• ru^1VOW0hss^VV2V^PAL^XYY2VY>stes
• ru0ʹ0s0000>stes påʹhlded+V+Inf: **
• pååʹhheld^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow
• på0ʹh00ld00000

Even syllabic verbs I, t>đ - tt:đ ǩiõtt+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg1 hand,arm/käsi

• ǩiõ0tt^Allegro^PAL^CC2CAllegro>stan
• ǩiõʹđ0000>stan autt+N+Pl+Nom car/auto
• ★a^1VOWutt^V2VV^CC2C (is not standard language)
• ★aauđ000 (is not standard language) puuttâd+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: end/loppua
• puutt^CC2C>i
• puuđ00>i kääđas+N+Sg+Nom:
• kä%^1VOWttas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kääđ0as0000
• čuâ{ʹØ}ttes^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^CC2C
• čueʹđ0es000000

Even syllabic nouns I, p>v - pp:v

• ǩiâpp^CC2C
• ǩiâv00
• heäpˈpaš^Pen^CCC2C
• heäv00aš00

Consonant quality change ǥ:j - used in

• lääi0ǥ^PAL
• lääiʹj0 čiõʹlj+N+Sg+Nom: back/selkä
• čeâ{ʹØ}lǥ^VOWRaise^PAL

• čiõʹlj00

• jäämalǥ^Pen^VV2V^RmVow^PALK>ed
• jä0m0lj0000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss k:0 - used in loǥškueʹtted begin to read

• lookk^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škueʹtted
• lo0ǥ000»škueʹtted mieʹlǩǩ+N+Sg+Acc: milk/maito
• meâ0lkk^VOWRaise^PALE^PAL^CC2C
• mieʹlǩ00000
• pååss^VV2V^KK2GAllegro»škuätt
• på0z000»škuätt taalkâs+N+Sg+Nom
• ta^1VOWlkkâs^Pen^V2VV^Pen^XYY2XY

• taalk0âs0000

• jeä{ʹØ}kˈkel^Pen^PALE^Pen^PAL^Pen^KKK2ZERO
• jeeʹ000el000000 nââʹer+N+Sg+Nom sleep
• nâ^1VOW0kker^Pen^V2VV^Pen^PAL^Pen^KK2ZERO
• nââʹ00er000000

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss ǩ:0 - used in

eʹǩrded+V+Inf

• eeʹǩǩerd^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• e0ʹǩ00rd00000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss ǥ:0 - used in

påǥsted+V+Inf

• pååǥǥast^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• på0ǥ00st00000>ed

Even syllabic verbs I, lgg>lǥ vueʹlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg2

• vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^XYY2XY>ak

• vuâ0lǥ00>ak

• ★vuâ{ʹØ}lgg^XYY2XY>ak (is not standard language)
• ★vuâ0lg00>ak (is not standard language) õlggâd+V+Cond+Sg3
• õ^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^XYY2XY>či
• õõ0lǥ000>či
• ★õ^1VOW{ʹØ}lgg^V2VV^XYY2XY>či (is not standard language)

• ★õõ0lg000>či (is not standard language)

• ǩeâlggal^Pen^XYY2XY
• ǩeâlǥ0al00
• aaggâst^Pen^VV2V^Pen^CC2C^RmVow>ed
• a0g00st00000>ed

even syllabic verbs I, ‘lgg>’lj - used in vueʹlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prt+Pl1

• vuâ0lgg^VOWRaise^PAL^XYY2XY>im
• vuõʹlj0000>im
• ä^1VOWi0gg^V2VV^PAL^XYY2XY
• ääiʹj0000 reäiʹǧǧ+N+Pl+Nom
• reäi0gg^PAL^XYY2XY
• reäiʹj000

Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

• Strengthening Consonant Cluster
• V shortening and C lengthening
• %^C2CC is generally used in conjunction with a preceding %^VV2V
• In verbs this will be observed in finite forms
• In derivational morphology, e.g. -škuetted, this is not the case

**Orthographic Consonant lengthening Weak to strong %{XC%}:Cx ** - used in

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOWm{XC}^C2CC>a
• čââʹlmtẹ0mm0>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Gen
• kaađnẹ^1VOW{ʹØ}ǩ{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađnẹ00kk00>a

Orthographic Consonant lengthening Weak to strong %{XC%}:Cx for n and l - used in

• ma^1VOWnn^V2VV^VOWLower^CC2C

• mään0000

• puärˈr^VOWLower^CCC2C
• puär0000

suâl+N+Sg+Nom island

• suõlˈl^VOWLower^CCC2C

• suâl0000

• čââʹlmtẹ^1VOWm{XC}^C2CC>a
• čââʹlmtẹ0mm0>a

kååvas+N+Sg+Nom: kota

• kå^1VOWvvas^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kååv0as0000

kõõnjâl+N+Sg+Nom tear

• kõ^1VOWnnjâl^Pen^V2VV^Pen^CC2C
• kõõn0jâl0000

suâl+N+Nom island/saari

• suõlˈl^VOWLower^CCC2C
• suâl0000

ǩeâlǥal+N+Sg+Nom kilkura

• ǩeâlggal^Pen^XYY2XY

• ǩeâlǥ0al00

• dura^1VOWk{XC}^C2CC>a
• dura0kk0>a kaađneǩ+N+Sg+Ill:
• kaađne^1VOWǩ{XC}^PALNo^C2CC>a
• kaađne0kk00>a

čårrõs+N+Sg+Gen

• čårrõ^1VOWs{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čårrõõzz00

lookkmõš+N+Sg+Gen

• ★lookkmõ^1VOWš{XC}^V2VV^K2GG (is not standard language)
• ★lookkmõ0žž00 (is not standard language)

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOWk{XC}^V2VV^K2GG
• čâustõõǥǥ00

čâustõk+N+Sg+Gen

• čâustõ^1VOW0k{XC}^V2VV^PAL^K2GG^PALK:
• čâustõõʹjj0000

CONSONANT QUALITY CHANGE

Pedagogical X3 length mark after diphthongs in vertical line ˈ

Adding X3 length mark

Consonant X3 lengthening after diphthong in vertical line ˈ character - used in +N+Sg+Ill jeäll:jiâlˈlu, b c č ǯ d đ g ǧ k ǩ l m n p r s š t v also htˈt nˈnj

• kuâl0l^CC2CCC>a

• kuâlˈl0>a

• ǩeä0ssa0st^Pen^CC2CAllegro^RmVow^PALK>ed
• ǩeäˈs00ʼst0000>ed
• kue0ʹstelm^Pen^Allegro^RmVow>a
• kueˈʹst0lm000>a

Diphthong extra short marker in vertical line ˈ character - used in +N+Sg+Ill ciâlkâlm:ciâˈlklmest ciâlkâlm+N+Pl+Gen:

• ciâ{ˈ1}lkâlm^Pen^Allegro^RmVow>i
• ciâˈlk0lm000>i

Removing X3 length mark

Removing Consonant X3 length mark after diphthong in vertical line ˈ LEFT ARROW - deriving b c č ǯ d đ g ǧ k ǩ l m n p r s š t v also htˈt nˈnj

Removing Consonant X3 length mark after diphthong in vertical line ˈ LEFT ARROW - $ Sakssa-jânnam

Hyphen for splitting between look-alikes - used in Kääzzkõsraajõstuâjj-joouk

Sakssajânnam+N+Prop+Sg+Nom: (∑) Germany/Saksa

• Sakssa#jânnam
• Sakssa#jânnam
• ★Sakssa#jânnam (is not standard language)
• ★Sakssa-jânnam (is not standard language)

koummlo-õhtt+Num+Sg+Nom: (∑) 21

• koummlo#õhtt
• koummlo-õhtt
• ★koummlo#õhtt (is not standard language)
• ★koummlo#õhtt (is not standard language)

tuâjj+N+Cmp/SgNom+Cmp#joukk+N+Sg+Nom: team/työryhmä

• tuâjj#joukk
• tuâjj-joukk
• ★tuâjj#joukk (is not standard language)
• ★tuâjj#joukk (is not standard language)

sääʹmm+N+Cmp/SgGen+Cmp#musikk+N+Sg+Nom: Skolt Sámi music/kolttamusiikki sää0mm^PAL^CC2C{-Ø}#musikk sääʹm000-#musikk

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc