Skolt Sámi morphological analyser

This file contains all definitions of symbols written by more than one character, and it contains the initial Root lexicon.

Definitions for Multichar_Symbols

• +NoTransl No translation available

Grammatical tags

Tags for POS

• +A = Adjective
• +Adp = Adposition, i.e. Post- and Prepostion
• +Adv = Adverb
• +CC = Conjunction
• +CS = Subjunction
• +Det = Determiner
• +Interj = Interjection
• +N = Noun
• +Num = Numeral
• +Po = Postposition
• +Pr = Preposition
• +Pron = Pronoun
• +Pcle = Particle
• +V = Verb
• +Aux = Auxiliary

Pre-derivational POS tags for CG processing

• +Ex/N = Noun stem before derivation
• +Ex/Num = Number stem before derivation
• +Ex/A = Adjective stem before derivation
• +Ex/V = Verb stem before derivation

Tags for sub-POS

• +Prop - Proper noun
• +Pers - Personal Pronoun
• +Dem - Demonstrative Pronoun
• +Interr - Interrogative Pronoun
• +Refl - Reflexive Pronoun
• +Recipr - Reciprocal Pronoun
• +Rel - Relative Pronoun
• +Indef - Indefinitive Pronoun
• +Coll - Collective numerals
• +Arab - Arabic numeral
• +Rom - Roman numeral
• +Pass - hallat/haddat not in use
• +Qnt - SHOULD THIS be here or a Sem/Qnt
• +Pred
• +Attr Attributive form
• +Distr Distributive
• +Temp

Types of adverbs

• +Parenthetic
• +AssocColl
• +Guess

Number

• +Sg Singular = õõutilååkk
• +Du Dual = kuõiʹtilååkk
• +Pl Plural = määŋgailååkk

Case

• +Nom Nominative = nominativ
• +Gen Genitive
• +Acc Accusative
• +Ill Illative
• +Loc Locative
• +Com Comitative
• +Ess Essive
• +Par Partative
• +Prl Prolative
• +Abe Abessive
• +Lat Lative lääinas, säämas, toimmpââjas

symbols ?

• +Ine
• +Ela

Possessive suffix

• +PxSg1
• +PxSg2
• +PxSg3
• +PxPl1
• +PxPl2
• +PxPl3

Adjective declension

• +Der/Comp comparative as in other Sami languages, depricate +Comp
• +Der/Superl superlative previously Der/mos Der/umus Der/ummus, depricate +Superl
• +Ord -
• +GenAttr Genitive attribute used as adjective?

Verb forms Veʹrbbååʹbleʹǩ

• +Actor
• +Actio
• +ActEss -men
• +NomAg CHECK ME this is not the same as Der/NomAg, which is a derivation
• +Kin Kin term This may need to be removed, let Sem/Hum-kin suffice
• +Ind Indicative mood
• +Prs Present
• +Prt Preterite
• +Pot Potential mood
• +Cond Conditional mood
• +Imprt Imperative mood
• +ImprtII
• +Sup
• +Inf
• +Ger gerund +Ess, +Loc +Instr
• +Instr -eeʹl
• +ConNeg Negation Form, i.e. mõõn, reäǥǥ, jueʹjj: Indicative present except indef person; imperative Sg2 and Pl2
• +ConNegII Negation Form II: mõnnu, riâkˈku, juõkˈku: Indicative present indef person; imperative Sg3, Pl1, Pl2, Pl3 (there is an overlap at +Impert+Pl2)
• +Neg
• +PrsPrc
• +PrfPrc
• +VGen
• +VAbess

Valence

• +IV Intransitive
• +TV Transitive
• +Act Active voice
• +Pass Passive voice

Person-number

• +Sg1 first person singular
• +Sg2 second person singular
• +Sg3 third person singular
• +Du1 first person dual
• +Du2 second person dual
• +Du3 third person dual
• +Pl1 first person plural
• +Pl2 second person plural
• +Pl3 third person plural
• +Sg4 impersonal fourth person, in MT a Pl4 might be needed
• +13 used in combination with +Imp+13+ConNeg
• +2 used in combination with +Imp+2+ConNeg

Homonymy

• +Hom1
• +Hom2
• +Hom3
• +Hom4

Derivation

All non-positional derivations should be preceded by this tag, to make it possible to target regular expressions at all derivations in a language-independent way: just specify +Der|+Der1 .. +Der5 and you are set.

• +Der
• +Der/Ord Num»A ordinal
• +Der/Car N»A -tem, -teʹmes
• +Der/Dimin diminutive derivation N»N was Der/Dim,
• +Dimin diminutive without derivation 2025-04-04 jaska
• +Der/st V»V was diminutive subitive Der/sted, Der/âʹstted
• +Der/ad ordinals to nouns
• +Der/i N»A luõss » luõʹssi, čääʹcc » čäccai ‘rich in’ Sg.Ill
• +Der/PALi rupp » ruʹppi ATTR ruʹppes DEPRICATE
• +Der/teqm carative derivation N»A, V»A -teʹm
• +Der/t carative derivation N»A for subsequent derivation Noun derivation
• +Der/musj deverbal derivation V»N architype mõš and mmuš was Der/MOsh
• +Der/vuota A»N -vuõtt
• +Der/lasj
• +Der/neqkh N»N resident of place
• +Der1
• +Der2
• +Der3
• +Der4
• +Der5

Verb derivation

• +Der/InchL incoative V»V -škueʹtted
• +Der/Caus causative V»V, was Der/ted and Der/âʹtted
• +Der/jed inchoative V»V also middle
• +Der/oottyd reflexive reciprocal V»V -õõttâd
• +Der/oovvyd V»V kulsted: kulstõõvvâd
• +Der/oollyd V»V -õõllâd
• +Der/stoollyd V»V -stõõllâd
• +Der/stoovvyd V»V -stõõvvâd
• +Der/toovvyd privative + translative N»V –tõõvvâd
• +Der/ched frequentative V»V for ʹCCed verbs -čed
• +Der/NomAg agent V»N
• +Der/NomAct action V»N +Der/m

Tags for originating language

The following tags are used to guide conversion to IPA: loan words and foreign names are usually pronounced (approximately) as in the originating (majority) language. Instead of trying to identify the correct pronunciation based on phonotactics (orthotactics actually), we tag all words that can’t be correctly transcribed using the SME transcriber with source language codes. Once tagged, it is possible to split the lexical transducer in smaller ones according to langu- age, and apply different IPA conversion to each of them.

The principle of tagging is that we only tag to the extent needed, and following a priority:

1. any untagged word is pronounced with SME orthographic conventions
2. NNO and NOB have identical pronunciation, NNO is only used if different in spelling from NOB
3. SWE has mostly the same pronunciation as NOB, and is only used if different in spelling from NOB
4. Occasionally even SME (the default) may be tagged, to block other languages from being specified, mainly during semi-automatic language tagging sessions

All in all, we want to get as much correctly transcribed to IPA with as little work as possible. On the other hand, if more words are tagged than strictly needed, this should pose no problem as long as the IPA conversion is correct - at least some words will get the same pronunciation whether read as SME or NOB/NNO/SWE.

• +OLang/SME - North Sámi
• +OLang/SMJ - Lule Sámi
• +OLang/SMA - South Sámi
• +OLang/SMN - Inari Sámi
• +OLang/SMS - Skolt Sámi
• +OLang/HUN - Hungarian
• +OLang/RUS - Russian
• +OLang/FIN - Finnish
• +OLang/SWE - Swedish
• +OLang/NOB - Norw. bokmål
• +OLang/NNO - Norw. nynorsk
• +OLang/ENG - English
• +OLang/UND - Undefined
• +OLang/PARA - parallelle navn, navnet skal ikke overføres til andre samisk språk

Government tags

• +%<acc%>
• +%<ess%>
• +%<gen%>
• +%<ill%>
• +%<loc%> this will be added to the preposition tagging mâŋŋa jââđast
• +%<nom%>

Semantic tags

• +Sem/Act = Activity
• +Sem/Adr = Webadr
• +Sem/Amount = Amount
• +Sem/Ani Animate (names)
• +Sem/Ani-fish Animate
• +Sem/Aniprod = Animal Product
• +Sem/Ant Anthroponym (names)
• +Sem/Body = Bodypart
• +Sem/Body-abstr = siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
• +Sem/Build = Building
• +Sem/Build-part = Part of Bulding, like the closet
• +Sem/Cat = Category
• +Sem/Clth = Clothes
• +Sem/Clth-jewl = Jewelery
• +Sem/Clth-part = part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji…
• +Sem/Constellation
• +Sem/Ctain = Container
• +Sem/Ctain-abstr = Abstract container like bank account
• +Sem/Ctain-clth = Soft container, like a rucksack
• +Sem/Curr = Currency like dollár, Not Money
• +Sem/Dance = Dance
• +Sem/Date = Number as date
• +Sem/Dir = Direction like GPS-kursa
• +Sem/Domain = Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
• +Sem/Drink = Drink
• +Sem/Dummytag = Dummytag
• +Sem/Edu = Educational event
• +Sem/Event = Event
• +Sem/Feat = Feature, like Árvu
• +Sem/Feat-measr = Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Feat-phys = Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
• +Sem/Feat-psych = Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Fem = Female name
• +Sem/Food = Food
• +Sem/Food-med = Medicine
• +Sem/Furn = Furniture
• +Sem/Game = Game
• +Sem/Geom = Geometrical object
• +Sem/Group = Animal or Human Group
• +Sem/Holiday
• +Sem/Hum = Human
• +Sem/Hum-abstr = Human abstract
• +Sem/ID = number as identity tag, not as amount
• +Sem/Ideol = Ideology
• +Sem/Kin for deprication to Sem/Hum-kin
• +Sem/Hum-kin =
• +Sem/Lang = Language
• +Sem/Mal = Male name
• +Sem/Manner
• +Sem/Mat = Material for producing things
• +Sem/Measr = Measure
• +Sem/Money = Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
• +Sem/Obj (names)
• +Sem/Obj-clo = Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-cogn = Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-el = (Electrical) machine or apparatus
• +Sem/Obj-ling = Object with something written on it
• +Sem/Obj-rope = flexible ropelike object
• +Sem/Obj-surfc = Surface object
• +Sem/Org Organization (names)
• +Sem/Part = Feature, oassi, bealli
• +Sem/Perc-cogn = Cloth
• +Sem/Perc-emo = Emotional perception
• +Sem/Perc-phys = Physical perception
• +Sem/Perc-psych = Psychical perception
• +Sem/Plant = Plant
• +Sem/Plant-part = Plant part
• +Sem/Plc Place name (names)
• +Sem/Plc-abstr = Abstract place
• +Sem/Plc-elevate = Place
• +Sem/Plc-line = Place
• +Sem/Plc-water = Place
• +Sem/Pos = Position (as in social position job)
• +Sem/Process = Process
• +Sem/Prod = Product
• +Sem/Prod-audio = Audio product
• +Sem/Prod-cogn = Cognition product
• +Sem/Prod-ling = Linguistic product
• +Sem/Prod-vis = Visual product
• +Sem/Rel = Relation
• +Sem/Route = Route
• +Sem/Rule = Rule or convention
• +Sem/Semcon = Semantic concept
• +Sem/Sign = Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
• +Sem/Sport = Sport
• +Sem/State =
• +Sem/State-sick = Illness
• +Sem/Substnc = Substance, like Air and Water
• +Sem/Sur Surname (names)
• +Sem/Symbol = Symbol
• +Sem/Time = Time
• +Sem/Time-clock = Time
• +Sem/Tool = Prototypical tool for repairing things
• +Sem/Tool-catch = Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
• +Sem/Tool-clean = Tool used for cleaning
• +Sem/Tool-it = Tool used in IT
• +Sem/Tool-measr = Tool used for measuring
• +Sem/Tool-music = Music instrument
• +Sem/Tool-write = Writing tool
• +Sem/Txt = Text (girji, lávlla…)
• +Sem/Veh = Vehicle
• +Sem/Wpn = Weapon
• +Sem/Wthr = The Weather or the state of ground
• +Sem/Year = Year

Multiple Semantic tags:

• +Sem/Act_Fruit
• +Sem/Act_Group Activity and Group
• +Sem/Act_Plc A persons job is an activity, and a place as well
• +Sem/Act_Route Activity and Route, ie johtolat
• +Sem/Amount_Build Amount and Building
• +Sem/Amount_Semcon
• +Sem/Ani_Body-abstr_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Build
• +Sem/Ani_Build-part
• +Sem/Ani_Build_Hum_Txt
• +Sem/Ani_Group
• +Sem/Ani_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Group_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Ani_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Ani_Hum_Time
• +Sem/Ani_Plc
• +Sem/Ani_Plc_Txt
• +Sem/Ani_Time
• +Sem/Ani_Veh
• +Sem/Aniprod_Hum
• +Sem/Aniprod_Obj-clo
• +Sem/Aniprod_Perc-phys
• +Sem/Aniprod_Plc
• +Sem/Aniprod_Plc_Route
• +Sem/Body-abstr_Feat-cogn
• +Sem/Body-abstr_Prod-audio_Semcon
• +Sem/Body_Body-abstr
• +Sem/Body_Clth
• +Sem/Body_Food
• +Sem/Body_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Body_Group_Hum_Time
• +Sem/Body_Hum
• +Sem/Body_Mat
• +Sem/Body_Measr
• +Sem/Body_Obj_Tool-catch
• +Sem/Body_Plc
• +Sem/Body_Plc-elevate
• +Sem/Body_Time
• +Sem/Build-part_Cat
• +Sem/Build-part_Cat_Ctain
• +Sem/Build-part_Cat_Ctain_Mat
• +Sem/Build-part_Ctain
• +Sem/Build-part_Ctain_Mat
• +Sem/Build-part_Ctain_Obj
• +Sem/Build-part_Plc
• +Sem/Build_Build-part
• +Sem/Build_Clth-part
• +Sem/Build_Edu_Org
• +Sem/Build_Event_Org
• +Sem/Build_Obj
• +Sem/Build_Org
• +Sem/Build_Route
• +Sem/Cat_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Cat_Group_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr_Obj
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr_Obj_Org
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Fruit
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Money
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Org
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Plant
• +Sem/Clth_Hum
• +Sem/Clth_Obj-clo
• +Sem/Ctain-abstr_Org
• +Sem/Ctain-clth_Plant
• +Sem/Ctain-clth_Veh
• +Sem/Ctain_Feat-phys
• +Sem/Ctain_Furn
• +Sem/Ctain_Plc
• +Sem/Ctain_Tool
• +Sem/Ctain_Tool-measr
• +Sem/Curr_Org
• +Sem/Dance_Org
• +Sem/Dance_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Domain_Food-med
• +Sem/Domain_Hum
• +Sem/Domain_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Drink_Plant
• +Sem/Edu_Event
• +Sem/Edu_Geom
• +Sem/Edu_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Edu_Hum
• +Sem/Edu_Mat
• +Sem/Edu_Org
• +Sem/Event_Food
• +Sem/Event_Hum
• +Sem/Event_Plc
• +Sem/Event_Plc-elevate
• +Sem/Event_Time
• +Sem/Feat-measr_Plc
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Tool-write
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Veh
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Wthr
• +Sem/Feat-psych_Hum
• +Sem/Feat-psych_Plc
• +Sem/Feat_Plant
• +Sem/Food_Obj-surfc
• +Sem/Food_Perc-phys
• +Sem/Food_Plant
• +Sem/Fruit_Hum
• +Sem/Game_Obj-play
• +Sem/Geom_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Geom_Obj
• +Sem/Group_Hum
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Org
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Group_Org
• +Sem/Group_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Group_Sign
• +Sem/Group_Txt
• +Sem/Hum_Lang
• +Sem/Hum_Lang_Plc
• +Sem/Hum_Lang_Time
• +Sem/Hum_Mat_Tool
• +Sem/Hum_Obj
• +Sem/Hum_Org
• +Sem/Hum_Plant
• +Sem/Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Hum_Sign
• +Sem/Hum_Tool
• +Sem/Hum_Tool-it = Human
• +Sem/Hum_Veh
• +Sem/Hum_Wthr
• +Sem/Lang_Tool
• +Sem/Mat_Plant
• +Sem/Mat_Txt
• +Sem/Measr_Sign = Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
• +Sem/Measr_Time
• +Sem/Money_Obj
• +Sem/Money_Part
• +Sem/Money_Txt
• +Sem/Obj-ling_Obj-surfc
• +Sem/Obj-play
• +Sem/Obj-play_Sport
• +Sem/Obj_Semcon
• +Sem/Obj_Sign
• +Sem/Obj_State
• +Sem/Obj_Symbol
• +Sem/Obj_Veh
• +Sem/Oeuvre (not used so far (?)), note oeu-
• +Sem/Oeuvre-txt (so far only Biblija, changed to Sem/Txt)
• +Sem/Org_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Org_Prod-cogn
• +Sem/Org_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Org_Rule
• +Sem/Org_Txt
• +Sem/Org_Veh
• +Sem/Part_Prod-cogn
• +Sem/Part_Substnc
• +Sem/Perc-emo_Wthr
• +Sem/Plant_Plant-part
• +Sem/Plant_Tool
• +Sem/Plant_Tool-measr
• +Sem/Plc-abstr_Rel_State
• +Sem/Plc-abstr_Route
• +Sem/Plc_Pos
• +Sem/Plc_Route
• +Sem/Plc_State
• +Sem/Plc_Substnc
• +Sem/Plc_Substnc_Wthr
• +Sem/Plc_Time
• +Sem/Plc_Time_Wthr
• +Sem/Plc_Tool-catch
• +Sem/Plc_Wthr
• +Sem/Prod-audio_Txt
• +Sem/Prod-cogn_Txt
• +Sem/Semcon_Txt
• +Sem/State-sick_Substnc
• +Sem/Substnc_Wthr
• +Sem/Time_Wthr

Clitic

• +Clt
• +Qst Question particle -a
• +Qst/a Question particle -a
• +Qst/ko Question particle -ko might be used with Use/NG
• +Qst/ǥo
• +Qst/go
• +Foc/AA more specifically, exactly, contrast. used with Pron and Adv
• +Foc/o
• +Foc/i This might be used with
• +Foc/han This might be used with Use/NG
• +Foc/ka This might be used with Use/NG ij-ka
• +Foc/kahan
• +Foc/ǥa
• +Foc/ga
• +Foc/ki This might be used with Use/NG
• +Foc/son
• +Foc/jõs
• +Foc/õs
• +Foc/ǥõs
• +Foc/mes
• +Foc/ba
• +Foc/âs
• +Foc/ât
• +Foc/tâma
• +Foc/tõt
• +Foc/šât

Tags distinguishing different versions of the same lemma (before POS)

In the xml the varid attribute is used in the st element with a mere numeric value an extra lemma attribute is inserted in the st element, e.g. lemma=”tõlvvad”

• +v1
• +v2
• +v3
• +v4
• +v5
• +v6
• +v7
• +v8
• +v9
• +v10
• +v11
• +v12
• +v13
• +v14
• +v15
• +v16
• +v17
• +v18
• +v19
• +v20
• +v21
• +v22
• +v23
• +v24

Other tags

• +ABBR = Abbreviation
• +ACR = Acronym
• +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, ©
• +CLB = Clause border (full stop, comma..)
• +CLBfinal = Sentence final abbreviated expression ending in full stop, the full stop is ambiguous
• +PUNCT = punctuation
• +LEFT = left paranthesis
• +RIGHT +MIDDLE = right paranthesis
• +Prefix = prefix
• +Dyn = Dynamically generated (acronyms)
• ^GUESSNOUNROOT

Punctuation

• +HYPH

Letters

Skolt Saami letters

These definitions are probably not needed

• č
• đ
• š
• ŧ
• ž
• Ʒ
• ǥ
• ǧ
• ǩ
• Ǯ
• ǯ
• Ǥ

Archiphonemes

These are for letters with special behaviour. Say that all m-s change to n in a given context, but not this m, because it is m2. In twolc these are then defined m2:m, etc, i.e. the m2 is an m, although it is a different m.

Diacritic marks

These symbol govern the way the morphophonological rules treat the affix string.

This project started out using arbitrary names, X1, X2…, but since they were hard to remember, we changed to (a bit) more transparent names (^DIADEL, …). On the TODO-list: Change all X1, X2, … to easy-to-remember names.

Consonant lengthening

• %{XC%}

Vowel length and height

• %{õuØ%}
• %{ouØ%}
• %{âõØ%}
• %{ẹiØ%}
• %{äaØ%}
• %{äåØ%}
• %{eiØ%}
• %{åoØ%}
• %{ẹeiØ%}

for vowel height, by default vowels are low.

• %{õu%}
• %{ou%}
• %{âõ%}
• %{ẹi%}
• %{äa%}
• %{äå%}
• %{ei%}
• %{åo%}
• %{ẹei%}
• %{âõe%}
• %{âõäe%}

In Skolt Saami, triggers are used for signaling change in the preceding stem 2025.09.16

Two or more alternations may occur in the stem simultaneously, they should be addressed separately – not as portmanteau features of length as in sme. Two codas may be simultaneous loci of alternation, so we need to remember where the triggers point to, and we need to know what order they are in. Here is what may happen in the final coda of a stem when it is the sole locus of alternation: jiẹˈʹnstem: jeäʹnˈn+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg1 ‹iẹ› diphthong alternation: vowel raising, vowel tinting ‹ˈ› allegro marking following the diphthong ‹ʹ› palatal suprasegment marking ‹n› allegro marking of what was a long consonant, but which has been reduced to single allegro consonant before a consonant cluster that is secondarily following the extra short coda vowel The ordering of phenomena is (so we should work towards this in trigger ordering) 2025-09-16 needs adjustment 1: Vowel height 2: Vowel length, which here is Allegro vowel 3: Palatal marker (soft sign) 4: Consonant length, quality (still portmanteau) 5: Palatal marking in alternations {kǩ}, {gǧ}, {ǥj} Other words to consider jiẹˈʹrjsted: jeäʹrǧǧ+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg2 jieˈʹrjsted: jiârgg+N+Sg+Loc+PxSg2

Words with two codas undergoing variation simultaneously will feature additional trigger work where the triggers are each preceded by a %^PEN trigger, which indicates penultimate. Orderwise, penultimate triggers appear closer to the stem (see Rueter forthcomingXXX)

CHARACTERISTIC BREAKDOWN 2015-02-17

• %^Allegro - Allegro in general shortens consonant and preceding vowel
• %^VV2V Shortens vowel
• %^V2VV Lengthens vowel
• %^CC2C Shortens consonant
• %^CC2CAllegro Shortens consonant
• %^C2CC Lengthens consonant
• %^CC2CCC Strong to Extra Strong consonant
• %^CCC2C Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CAllegro Extra Strong to Weak consonant
• %^CCC2CC Extra Strong to Strong consonant
• %^YXX2YX Shortens consonant cluster
• %^YXX2VX Consonant cluster to vowel and consonant sijdd:siid
• %^YXX2VXX Consonant cluster to vowel and geminate uvdd:ouʹdd
• %^YXX2IX Consonant cluster to i and consonant kueʹhtt:kueiʹt
• %^VX2YXX Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^VXX2YXX Consonant cluster i/u to j/v
• %^KKK2GG Geminate weakening
• %^KKK2G Strong Geminate allegro
• %^KK2GG Geminate weakening jokk:jooǥǥ
• %^K2GG Geminate weakening čårrõs:čårrõõzz
• %^KK2GAllegro Geminate weakening in allegro pååss:påz
• %^K2GAllegro Geminate weakening in allegro čâustõk
• %^APen for combinations 2015-10-04 Jack
• %^Pen for combinations 2015-09-28 Miikka
• %^KK2ZERO Geminate weakening nââʹer
• %^J2I in tuâjj:tuâi
• %^I2J in agent names
• %^I2Zero in agent names
• %{ʹØ%} Modifier Letter prime
• %{ʼØ%} used between l, n, j and subsequent j and elsewhere
• %{ˈ1%} This is modifier letter verticle line after diphthongs

Gradation triggers 2015.01.23

• %^XSt2St Causes weakening from extra strong to strong
• %^XSt2W Causes weakening from extra strong to weak
• %^St2W Causes weakening from strong to weak
• %^W2St Causes strengthening from weak to strong
• %^W2XSt Causes strengthening from weak to extra strong
• %^St2XSt Causes strengthening from strong to extra strong

Gradation triggers 2015.02.09 For Consonant Clusters

• %^XSt2StCluster Causes weakening from extra strong to strong in clusters
• %^St2XStCluster Causes strengthening from strong to extra strong in clusters

Diacritic with mnemonic names

• %^1VOW vowel lengthening dummy
• %^IMPSG2
• %^INDPRSSG3
• %^PenVow2a Changes penultimate vowel to a; e:a â:a
• %^PAL for placing palatalization mark ʹ
• %^PALK causes k:ǩ and g:ǧ
• %^PALNo This is to facilitate +Sg+Nom lemma:stem equivalence; it removes palatal supersegmental
• %^PALI Palatalisation causes â:i, etc.
• %^PALE Palatalisation causes â:e, etc.
• %^PALÄ Palatalisation causes â:ä, etc.
• %^PALẸ Palatalisation causes å:ẹ suẹjj BUT suejjin (cf. 2012: 150, but )
• %^PALÂ Depalatalisation causes 0:â keâmnna
• %^PALÕ Depalatalisation causes â:õ tiõttum
• %^RmVow for removing vowels e, â, a before final consonant in stem
• %^UltRmVow for removing vowels e, â, a after final consonant in stem
• %^RmCns for removing stem final consonant, e.g. final z in ǩeeʹstes:ǩeâsttez ǩeâstta
• %^VC Voicing s:z š:ž
• %^Br break rule, e.g. eʹč^Br>{ʼØ}č
• %^VOWLower for lowering i>e, õ>â, â>ä, u>o, o>å
• %^U2Õ lowers u>õ
• %^VOWRaise for raising e>i, ä>e
• %^VOWXSH for extra shortening
• %^VOWXL for extralengthening
• %^Â Indicates placement of â in stem
• %{VU%} used with stuuʹl
• %{A1%} used with vuejted
• %{E1%} used with kåʹmrded
• %{Â1%} used with mainsted
• %{Â1%} archiform for MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT used in stems where the lemma does not contain a MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT and yet the paradigm requires one.
• %{EÂ%} archiform for ie:eä variation, e.g. pieʹǩǩ+N+Sg+Ill:peâkka

Hyphen at compound word boundary

• %{EÂ%} - Zero versus hyphen in compounding
• %^Hyphen - at compound word boundary with %-
• %^NoHyphen - at compound word boundary

Escaped symbols

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

• »
• «
• <

The Usage extents are marked using following tags:

• +Err/Orth substandard, not in normative fst
• +Err/Orth-not-apos-but-hyph substandard, old orth look-alikes are separated by a hyphen
• +Err/Orth-missing-apos substandard, missing apostrophe
• +Err/Orth-k-kh substandard k, not in normative fst ǩ(, should be kuõccjiǩ and not kuõccjik)
• +Err/Orth-a-y substandard a, not in normative fst â
• +Err/Orth-o-uq substandard o, not in normative fst uʹ (e.g. illative kuʹmppe and not komppa)
• +Err/Orth-no-q substandard missing ʹ as in mâiʹd-ne (->) mâid-ne
• +Err/Orth-extra-q substandard extra ʹ as in aanarneʹǩ (->) aanarneǩ
• +Err/Orth-pal-vow substandard palatalized diphthong ieʹ should be eä or eâ; ueʹ should be uä, uâ
• +Err/Orth-should-be-grade-minus1 substandard raajeeʹl (->) raajjeeʹl
• +Err/Lex substandard, not in normative fst, no normative lemma
• +Err/DerSub substandard for derivation, not in normative fst, no normative lemma
• +Err/CmpSub substandard for compounding, not in normative fst (wrong form or POS in first part)
• +Err/MissingHyph substandard for compounding, not in normative fst (needs hyph)
• +Err/Hyph substandard for compounding, not in normative fst (should have no hyphen)
• +Err/SpaceCmp used for compounds written apart - only retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Err/Spellrelax used to tag spellrelaxed typos (tag is inserted via flag diacritics)
• +Err/GenreLeudd
• +Err/Orth-nom-acc

• +Err/Orth-nom-gen | +Err/MissingSpace | in use ins smi lexc

• +Use/Marg marginal (?)
• +Use/-Spell Excluded in speller
• +Use/SpellNoSugg recognized but not suggested in speller
• +Use/Circ circular paths (old ^C^)
• +Use/CircN circular paths for the numerals (old ^N^)
• +Use/NG not-generate, for ped generation isme-ped.fst
• +Use/NGminip not-generate, for ped generation isme-ped.fst
• +Use/Ped for use with pedagogical work
• +Largo largo variant instead of allegro saaǥǥstõõllâd vs saǥstõõllâd
• +Allegro never last element of compound words
• +MWE never last element of compound words
• +Use/GC – only retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Use/-GC – never retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Use/TTS – only retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
• +Use/-TTS – never retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser

Dialect tags:

• +Dial/P Paatsjoki (KKS)
• +Dial/Pets Petsamo
• +Dial/N Nuortjärvi (KKS)

• +Dial/S Suonikylä (KKS)

• +South
• +Txt

Compounding

• +Cmp
• +CmpNP/First
• +CmpNP/Pref
• +CmpNP/None
• +CmpN/PlG
• +CmpN/SgG

• +CmpN/SgN

• +Cmp - Dynamic compound. This tag should always be part   of a dynamic compound. It is important for   Apertium, and useful in other cases as well.
• +Cmp/Attr - Attributive
• +Cmp/SgNom - Singular Nominative
• +Cmp/SgGen - Singular Genitive
• +Cmp/PlGen - Plural Genitiv
• +Cmp/SplitR - This is a split compound with the other part to   the right: “Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet”   => Arbeids- = +Cmp/SplitR
• +Cmp/SplitL - This is a split compound with the other part to the left
• +Cmp/Sh - testing +Cmp/Sh
• +Cmp/Hyph - on dynamic compounds that have a hyphen
• +Cmp/NoHyph - On compounds that COULD have had a hyphen (and usually have), but doesn’t
• +Cmp/SoftHyph - Tags compounds containing SOFT HYPHENS (U+00AD)
• +Cmp/Cit - Tags citation compounds, which can in principle cover any word. Requires a hyphen.
• +Use/PMatch -
• +Use/-PMatch -

Flag diacritics

Flag	Explanation
@P.AssocColl.ON@	Used with Kin terms and Ant
@R.AssocColl.ON@
@C.AssocColl@

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:

Flag	Explanation
@P.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@D.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@C.NeedNoun@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm.

Flag	Explanation
@P.CmpFrst.FALSE@	Require that words tagged as such only appear first
@D.CmpPref.TRUE@	Block such words from entering ENDLEX
@P.CmpPref.FALSE@	Block these words from making further compounds
@D.CmpLast.TRUE@	Block such words from entering R
@D.CmpNone.TRUE@	Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.FALSE@	Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
@P.CmpOnly.TRUE@	Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@	Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags.

Flag	Explanation
@U.Cap.Obl@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@U.Cap.Opt@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@C.ErrOrth@	tbw
@R.ErrOrth.ON@	tbw
@D.ErrOrth.ON@	tbw
@P.ErrOrth.ON@	tbw
@P.Pmatch.Backtrack@	tbw
@U.NUMORTH.YES@
@N.NUMORTH.YES@
@D.NUMORTH.YES@

Flag diacritic	Explanation
@U.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.ten@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;

Basic lexica, pointing to the other lexicon files

• LEXICON Root
• Abbreviation ; abbreviations
• Adposition ;
• ProperNoun
• Subjunction ;
• Conjunction ;
• Interjection ;
• Pronoun ;
• Punctuation ;
• Symbols ;
• Particle ;

These generate from merged materials:

• A_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• TRAB_sms2x ; transitive abbreviations
• TRNUMAB_sms2x ; transitive abbreviations with numerals
• Adp_sms2x ; adpositions
• Adv_sms2x ; adverbs
• CC_sms2x ; conjunctions
• CS_sms2x ; subjunctions
• Det_sms2x ; determiners
• Interj_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• N_Kin_sms2x This generates from merged materials
• N_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• N_sms2x This allows split compound nouns
• N_Prop_sms2x This generates from merged materials
• N_Prop_Toponyms_sms2x Toponymy
• Num_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• Pcle_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• Prefix_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• Pron_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• V_sms2x ; This generates from merged materials
• Numeral ; This feeds Arabi numerals, borrowed from sme
• EXCEPTIONS ;
• A_NEWWORDS ; These are new adjectives beginning 2015-02-11
• ADP_NEWWORDS ; These are new adpositions
• ADV_NEWWORDS ; These are new adverbs
• CC_NEWWORDS ; These are new conjunctions
• N_NEWWORDS ; These are new nouns beginning 2015-01-10
• PCLE_NEWWORDS ; These are particles
• PRON_NEWWORDS ; These are pronouns
• PROP_NEWWORDS These are new proper nouns beginning 2015-03-04
• TOPONYMS_NEWWORDS 2016-02-06
• V_NEWWORDS ; These are new verbs
• ProperNoun-smi ; work with smi 2018-08-23

INCOMING lemma:stem Contlex sets to be distinguished from glossing in progress

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NounRoot

VerbRoot

INTERJ_ Interjections

• Postposition ; is still not included
• Preposition ; is still not included

CONJUNCTIONS INTERJ_

CS_ Subjunction

CS-TEMP_ when

NUM_ NUM_VAHTT

NUM_1Y_VYXX NUM_1Y_VUCC NUM_TOLL NUM_1Y_VCC NUM_AELDD NUM_KUEQLL NUM_TAQHTT NUM_KAEAEUQC

• LEXICON NUM_KUEQHTT kueʹhtt:kuâ%{ʹØ%}h%{ʹØ%}tt NUM_KUEQHTT NUM_NELLJ

NUM_AANAR

NUM_ATOM NUM_JEAQNNN

• LEXICON NUM_LO kuttlo:kuttl NUM_LO
• LEXICON NUM-01_LO kuttlo:kuttl NUM-01_LO

• +Der+Der/Ord+A:ååǥǥ A-ORD_NEELLJAD ; This ordinal derivation

• LEXICON NUM_LOAOAI lååi:l THIS looks like allegro NUM_LOAOAI

• LEXICON NUM-01_LOAOAI lååi:l THIS looks like allegro NUM-01_LOAOAI

PCLE_ is here since Pcle_sms2x.xml wants it. It does nothing. PCLE-NEG_ is here since Pcle_sms2x.xml wants it. It adds +Neg.

Postpositions with government tagging possible ADP_ PO_tag is the lexicon adding the tag +Po PO-ILL_ PO-LOC_ PO_ is a dummy lexicon not adding anything ADP-GOV-LOC_ PO-GOV-GEN_

Prepositions with government tagging possible

PR_tag is the lexicon adding the tag +Pr PR_ is a dummy lexicon not adding anything

PR-TEMP-GOV-LOC_

PREFIX/A_

SUF/A_

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc