The Võro morphophonological/twolc rules file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Special letters

u̬ u plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
U̬ u plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
ü̬ ü plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
Ü̬ ü plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
i̬ i plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
I̬ i plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
õ̭ õ plus U+032D COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW
Õ̭ õ plus U+032D COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW
ˋ U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT other parts of stem %{ˋØ%}:0 — U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT used in rules ˋ:0 — U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT used outside of rules, this is temporary removal 2017-04-20

Vowel harmony with “(t)a/ä”

 %{aä%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "(t)a/ä" AÄ1:a AÄ1:ä AÄ1:0
 %{ae%}:a   — Vowel harmony with "a/e/õ" passive tahetu
 %{aõ%}:a   — Vowel harmony with "a/e/õ" passive sõidõtu
 %{äe%}:ä    — Vowel harmony with "ä/e/õ" passive
 %{eõ%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "e/õ"
 %{uü%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "u/ü"
 %{öü%}:ö    — Vowel raising
 %{ou%}:o    — Vowel raising
 %{ei%}:e    — Vowel raising
 %{õy%}:õ    — Vowel raising
 %{ao%}:a    — Vowel raising

 %{eØ%}:e    — ütlemä:üt%{eØ%}l  
 %{õØ%}:õ    — ütlemä:üt%{eØ%}l  
 %{Øõ%}:0    — juurdlõma:juur%{dØ%}%{0õ%}l

 %{dØ%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dv%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dn%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}
 %{dl%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}

 %{ij%}:i    ellä%{ij%}
 %{gv%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gl%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gØ%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas argnõma:ar%{gØ%}
 %{uv%}:u    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{üv%}:ü    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{hØ%}:h    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{jØ%}:j    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kØ%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lØ%}:l    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{mØ%}:m    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{nØ%}:n    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pØ%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas oppama:o%{pØ%}pama
 %{rØ%}:r    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sØ%}:s    — HJK and KimmoK ideas närväs:när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}
 %{vØ%}:v    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{pØ%}:0    — häbü:häbü+N:hä%{pØ%}%{pbØ%}ü
 %{tØ%}:0    — koda:ko%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a
 %{kØ%}:0    — nägo:nä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}o

 %{bv%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas närväs:när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}
 %{dr%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas parras:par%{dr%}a%{sØ%}
 %{bm%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}
 %{pb%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pb%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{tØ%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{t́Ø%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas jaht́lõma:jah%{t́Ø%}%{eØ%}%{lĺ%}
 %{td%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{t́d́%}:t́    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kg%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kaigas:kai%{kg%}as

 %{pbØ%}:p   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pbØ%}:b   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pbØ%}:0   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{pbv%}:p   %{pbv%}:b   %{pbv%}:v   — tõbi: tõvõ tõpõ tõppõ

 %{tdØ%}:d   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{kgØ%}:k   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kgØ%}:g   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kgØ%}:0   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{jiØ%}:i   — HJK and KimmoK ideas vari:var%{jiØ%}o
 %{qmn%}:q   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{qn%}:q    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{dd́Ø%}:d   
 %{dd́n%}:d   
 %{dd́r%}:d   
 %{dd́v%}:d   
 %{dd́Ø%}:d   
 %{gǵv%}:g   
 %{gǵØ%}:g   
 %{kḱg%}:k    %{kḱg%}:ḱ    %{kḱg%}:g   
 %{kḱØ%}:k   
 %{pṕb%}:p   %{pṕb%}:ṕ    %{pṕb%}:b   
 %{tt́d%}:t    %{tt́d%}:t́    %{tt́d%}:d   
 %{tt́Ø%}:t    täh%{tt́Ø%}
 %{pṕØ%}:p

Palatalization of consonants

 %{bb́%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{cć%}:c    — HJK and KimmoK ideas Isaać:Isaa%{cć%}:ci
 %{dd́%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{ff́%}:f    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gǵ%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{hh́%}:h    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kḱ%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lĺ%}:l     — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lĺ%}:ĺ     — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{mḿ%}:m    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{nń%}:n    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pṕ%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{rŕ%}:r    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sś%}:s    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sś%}:ś    — HJK and KimmoK ideas vaśma:va%{sØ%}%{sś%}
 %{tt́%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{vv́%}:v    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{ḱǵj%}:ḱ   — HJK and KimmoK ideas laǵa:la%{ḱǵj%}a
 %{zź%}:z    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dd́n%}:d

Miscellaneous other symbols

 %{XV%}:0    — This is used for echoing the previous vowel
 %{XC%}:0    — This is used for lengthening a consonant
 %^I7:0      — This appears in stem vaoma:va%^I7o for vaio
 %^K7:0      — This appears in stem väemä:vä%^K7e for väkeq
 %^V7:0      — This appears in stem häömä:hä%^V7ö for hävvü
 %^T7:0      — This appears in stem kaoma:ka%^T7o for katoq
 %^Y7:õ      — This appears for syna = s%^Y7na and is rendered as õ in the norm

Triggers

   %^OO2Õ:0    — joo%^OO2Õ%>i:j0õ0%>i
   %^CC2C:0    — att%^CC2C%>m%{aä%} atma
 %^PSS:0       vowel in passive tahetu, sõidõtu, eletü
 %^ÄI2ÄÄ:0    — päiv%^ÄI2ÄÄ%>ä: päävä
 %{front%}:0    — front harmony
 %{back%}:0    — back harmony
%^ErrorBack:0  — +Err/Orth+Clt:%>kinaq in front harmony context BHARM disallowance
 %{PrsSg1%}:0  — this helps with %{eõ%}:i̬


 %{td%}:t 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kg%}:k 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kaigas:kai%{kg%}as

 %{qmn%}:q 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{qn%}:q 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{XV%}:0		 This is used for echoing the previous vowel
 %{XC%}:0	 This is used for lengthening a consonant
 %^I7:0          This appears in stem vaoma:va%^I7o for vaio
 %^K7:0           This appears in stem väemä:vä%^K7e for väkeq
 %^V7:0          This appears in stem häömä:hä%^V7ö for hävvü
 %^T7:0          This appears in stem kaoma:ka%^T7o for katoq

**%^Y7:õ  **  This appears for syna = s%^Y7na and is rendered as õ in the norm

%^NoGrad:0     — This will be placed after a stem to break Gradation
%^APOCH:0      — This causes apochope: puhksama vs puhastaq
%^StrD2T:0     — This changes g,d,b => k,t,p

%^G1:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 0, also t, k
%^G2:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 b, also t, k
%^G3:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 p, also t, k
%^G4:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for p p, also t, k

%^WGStem:0     — This weakens "kipõń" to "kibõna", "ompel" to "ommel"
%^StrGStem:0   — This strengthens "perädü" to "perätüt"
%^ShortGStem:0   — This shortens "pu%{tØ%}tu" to "putma", an orthographic convension
%^LongGStem:0     — This lengthens "pu%{tØ%}tu" to "puttuq"

%^Pen:0        — This moves us to penultimate coda
%^PAL:0	       — Palatalization
%^NoPAL:0	       — NoPalatalization

%^JI20:0	       — in vari: vaŕo
%^JI2I:0	       — in vari vari
%^JI2J:0	       — in vari: varjo

%^PenWGStem:0  — This weakens "kipõń" to "kibõna"
%^PenVowRM:0   — syncope tapõld : taplõma 
%^D2S:0        — The ti => si
%^TS2S:0       — The -ts- => -s-
%^I2J:0        — The i => j change
%^PLPRT:0      — The a:o attested in Plural kana:kanno and prt
%^VOWRaise:0   — Raises vowel
%^VOWLower:0   — Lowers vowel
%^XLowerVow:0  — Lowers vowel two levels
%^VOWLowerDelab:0   — Lowers vowel and delabializes it
%^XLowerVowDelab:0  — Lowers vowel two levels and delabializes it
%^U2E:0        — lowers u:õ and ü:e delabializes and lowers
%^U2A:0        — lowers u:a and ü:ä delabializes and lowers
%^VowRM:0      — this will remove stem final vowel
%^CnsRM:0      — this will remove stem final consonant tervüs:tervü

Onset consonant or word boundary

füüsi{kg}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^VowRM>i>dõ
füüsik00000>i>dõ

Right context for gradation

Rules

VOWEL HARMONY

Vowel harmony suffixes Front

%{aä%}:a

%{aä%}:ä

%{uü%}:u

%{uü%}:ü

%{eõ%}:õ

%{eõ%}:e

%{ae%}:e tahtma+V+Pss+PrfPrc+Sg+Nom: want/haluta

tah{tt́Ø}{ae}{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem>{eõ}>t{uü}
tah0e00000>0>tu

%{aõ%}:õ

%{äe%}:e

VOWEL LOWERING

u:o

lugõ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%>i
lo00000000%>i

ü:ö

pü{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^VowRM>e>t
pö00000000>e>t
süü%{front%}%^VOWLower%^WGStem%>nüq
söö000%>nüq

o2õ

joo%{back%}%^OO2Õ%>i
jõ000%>i
aigo%{back%}%^OO2Õ
aigõ00

u2õ

laulu%{back%}%^OO2Õ
laulõ00

ö2e

söö%{front%}%^OO2Õ%>i
se000%>i

Delabializing o and ö

VOWEL RAISING

Delabializing o and ö

PALATALIZATION

n2ń palatalization all kestmä+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:

kes{tt́}{äe}{front}^Pen^PAL^VowRM
kest́00000

akaŕ+A+Sg+Nom

a%{kg%}a%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^PAL
akaŕ0000

asi+N+Sg+Gen:

a%{sś%}%{jiØ%}%{back%}%^PAL%^VowRM%>%{aä%}
aś0000%>a

alostama+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:

alos{tt́}a^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^PAL^VowRM
alost́000000

%{kḱ%}:ḱ kakma

ka%{kØ%}%{kḱ%}u%{back%}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^G4^Pen^PAL%^VowRM
kakḱ000000000
ka{kØ}{kḱ}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^G3^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>n{uü}q
ka0k000000000>nuq

n2n no palatalization all

rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:

reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
rehk0s000000>ä>mä hanǵ+N+Sg+Gen: snow pack/hanki
han{gǵ}{back}^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
hang000>e

{dd́n}:d́ palatalization for 3-way

särǵ+N+Sg+Nom: roach/särki

sär{gǵØ}{front}^StrGStem^PAL
särǵ000 andma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3
an%{dd́n%}%{back%}%^PAL
and́00

{dd́n}:n weaken 3-way

andma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1

an%{dd́n%}%{back%}%^WGStem%>m%{aä%}
ann00%>ma

püüdmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1

pü%{üv%}%{dd́v%}%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
püvv00%>ä

%{dd́v%}:v

%{pṕb%}:p loroṕ+N+Sg+Par:

loro{pṕb}{back}^StrGStem^NoPAL>i
lorop000>i

%{tt́d%}:t

hainatama+V+Inf/mA

haina{tt́d}a{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem>m{aä}
hainata00000>ma

%{kḱg%}:k

pisla%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^G2%>
pislaḱ00%>

%{pṕb%}:ṕ loroṕ

loro{pṕb}{back}^StrGStem^PAL
loroṕ000

%{tt́d%}:t́

%{kḱg%}:ḱ

pisla%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^StrGStem%^PAL
pislaḱ000

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Nom

kõ̭i%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL
kõ̭i0ḱ000

VOWEL CHANGE WITH PLURAL

tegemä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1: do

teg%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{eõ%}
ti̬000%>i̬
k%{ei%}%{ei%}%{lĺ%}%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
ki̬i̬ĺ000

õ2õ̭

sõda%{back%}%^WGStem
sõ̭0a00

o2u̬

Vx%{ou%}:Vyo

hoolas+A+Sg+Nom:

h%{ou%}%{ou%}la%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^G1
hoolas00000 Toomas+N+Prop+Sg+Nom
T{ou}{ou}ma{sØ}{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^StrGStem
Toomas000000

Vx%{ou%}2Vyu̬ nuuĺ+N+Sg+Nom: arrow

n%{ou%}%{ou%}%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
nu̬u̬ĺ000 juuma+V+Pss+Cond+ConNegI: drink/juoda
j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv{aä}>siq
ju̬0000>vva>siq

kiiĺ+N+Sg+Gen: tongue/kieli

k%{ei%}%{ei%}{lĺ}%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
ki̬i̬ĺ000
k%{ei%}%{ei%}r%{dØ%}%{eØ%}%{lĺ%}%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}%>m%{aä%}
ki̬i̬rd0l00000%>e%>mä

i2e pini+N+Pl+Par: dog/koira

pi%{nØ%}ni%{front%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}
pinn00000%>e kiiĺ+N+Sg+Gen: tongue/kieli
k%{ei%}%{ei%}{lĺ}%{front%}%^VOWLower%^NoPAL%>%{eõ%}
keel000%>e leib+N+Sg+Gen: bread/leipä
lei{bv}{front}^ÄI2ÄÄ^WGStem>{aä}
leev000>ä
pi%{tdØ%}ä%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%{eõ%}%>t%{aä%}s
pe00000000e%>täs

i:ä päiv+N+Sg+Gen: day/päivä

päiv%{front%}%^ÄI2ÄÄ%>ä
pääv00%>ä

a2o

* *ka%{nØ%}na%{back%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^PLPRT*
* *kanno0000*

{ao}o

* *ka%{nØ%}n%{ao%}%{back%}%^G3%^PLPRT*
* *kanno000*

VOWEL LOSS

a:0 a _ (HarmDummiesVar) %> i ;

saa%{back%}%>i
sa00%>i sõimama+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg1
sõima%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%>ssi
sõim0000000%>ssi
puhkas%{back%}%^Pen%^VowRM%>a%>ma
puhk0s000%>a%>ma võtma+V+Inf/mA: to take/ottaa
võ{tØ}{tt́}a{back}^Pen^WGStem^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
võ0t0000000>ma võtma+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: to take/ottaa
võ{tØ}{tt́}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^PAL^VowRM
võtt́0000000

sõda+N+Pl+Par:

sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G3%^VowRM%>o
sõ0t00000%>o

ä:0 pügämä+V+Pss+PrfPrc:

pü%{kgØ%}ä%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%{eõ%}%>t
pö00000000e%>t rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:
reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
rehkäs000000>ä>mä
jää%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^VowRM%>i
jä0000%>i
elä%{front%}%>et
el00%>et tütär+N+Sg+Gen
tütä%{rŕ%}%{front%}%^VowRM%>e
tüt0r000%>e

U:0 Vx

* *hirnu{back}^Pen^CC2C^VowRM>m{aä}*
* *hirn00000>ma*
* *kut{sś}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^PAL^VowRM*
* *kutś0000000*
* *tervüs{front}^VowRM^CnsRM>i>t*
* *terv00000>i>t*
juusk+N+Sg+Nom: ____
* *j{ou}{ou}s{kØ}u{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM*
* *ju̬u̬sk0000*

* *kuu{back}^VOWLower^VowRM>i>d*
* *ku0000>i>d*

tüü%{front%}%^VowRM%>hüq
tü000%>hüq
tervüs%{front%}%^VowRM%^WGStem%>i%>t
terv00000%>i%>t

e:0

herne%{hØ%}%{front%}%^VowRM%^WGStem%>id%{eõ%}
hern00000%>ide läteq+N+Pl?Gen: spring/lähde
lä{tØ}te{front}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^VowRM>id{eõ}
lätt0000000>ide

o:0 juuma+V+Inf

j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv>{aä}q
ju̬0000>vv>aq

Vx%{ou%}:0 juuma+V+Inf

j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv>{aä}q
ju̬0000>vv>aq

Vx%{äe%}:0 Passive stem vowel nõstma+V+Inf/mA

nõs{tt́}{aõ}{back}^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
nõst00000>ma kestmä+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:
kes{tt́}{äe}{front}^Pen^PAL^VowRM
kest́00000

ö:0

i:0 hüdsi+N+Sg+Par:

hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>t
hü0s0000%>t
aigo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
a00o000

õ:0

tapõl{back}^Pen^VowRMõ>m{aä}
tap0l000õ>ma
kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}{back}^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM>õ
kand0l0000>õ kogõr+N
ko%{kg%}õr{back}^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM>õ
kok0r0000>õ hamõq+N+Pl+Ill
ha%{mØ%}mõ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM%>ihe
ha0m0000000%>ihe

%{eØ%}: 0

%{õØ%}: 0

VOWEL LENGTHENING

%{XV%}:u

%{XV%}:ü

%{XV%}:o

taso%{back%}%-%{XV%}iq
taso0%-oiq

%{XV%}:a

%{XV%}:ä

%{XV%}:õ kannõĺ+N+Sg+Gen: kantele

kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%^NoPAL%>%{XV%}
kand0l0000%>õ %{XV%}:e käskmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Neg command/käskeä
käs%{kØ%}%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{eõ%}%-%{XV%}iq
käs000%>e%-eiq

%{XV%}:i

i2j

asi%{back%}%^I2J%>a
asj00%>a elläi+N+Sg+Gen
e{lØ}lä{ij}{front}^Pen^WGStem^I2J>{aä}
e0läj0000>ä

%{ij%}:j

%{jiØ%}:j

%{jiØ%}:i

ki{rŕ}{jiØ}{front}^NoPAL^JI2I
kiri000

%{jiØ%}:0 vari+N+Sg+Gen: shadow/varjo

va%{rŕ%}%{jiØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^PAL%^Pen%^WGStem
vaŕ0o00000

%{jØ%}:0 vari+N+Sg+Gen: shadow/varjo

va%{rŕ%}%{jiØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^PAL%^Pen%^WGStem
vaŕ0o00000

u2v depricate to “%{uv%}:v”

%{uv%}:v

lu{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
luvv00>a joudma+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg1
jõ%{uv%}%{dd́v%}%{back%}%^WGStem%>i
jõvv00%>i
la{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
lavv00>a

{üv}:v

pü{üv}{dd́v}{front}^WGStem>et
püvv00>et
sü{üv}{dv}{front}^WGStem>ä
süvv00>ä
examples:*
examples:*

%^I7:i

va%^I7o%^StrGStem%>i
vaio0%>0

%^I7:i

CONSONANT %{pṕØ%}:ṕ

pap%{pṕØ%}%{back%}%^G2%^PAL
papṕ000

**%{tt́Ø%}:t́ **

täh%{tt́Ø%}%{front%}%^StrGStem%^PAL
täht́000
võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^PAL^VowRM
võtt́0000000

**%{tt́Ø%}:t **

täht́+N+Err/Orth-no-pal+Sg+Nom: star/tähti

täh{tt́Ø}{front}^StrGStem^NoPAL
täht000 võtma+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Pl3
võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a{back}^Pen^G3^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>iq
võ0t0000000>iq
hoi{tt́Ø}{back}^VOWRaise^StrGStem^NoPAL>aq
hoit00000>aq

%{kḱØ%}:ḱ

SECONDARY CONSONANT LENGTHENING

%{pØ%}:p

* *hä%{pØ%}%{pbØ%}ü%{front%}%^Pen%^G4*
* *häppü000*
* *tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}*
* *tõpp00%>õ*
* *se%{pØ%}p%{front%}%^StrGStem*
* *sepp00*
* *nu%{pØ%}pu%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM*
* *nupp0000000*

{tØ}:t

sõ%{tØ%}da%{back%}%^G4%^PLPRT
sõtto000
si%{tØ%}t%{front%}%^StrGStem
sitt00
ü%{tØ%}te%{front%}%^Pen%^StrGStem
ütte000
mü%{tØ%}tü%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM
mütt0000000 sõda+N+Sg+Ill:
sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G3
sõtta000
uh{tØ}a{sś}{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
uht0s000000>a>ma
unõh{tØ}u{back}^Pen^StrGStem
unõhtu000

%{t́Ø%}:t́

%{Øk%}:k igä+N+Sg+Ill

i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
ikkä00
mä%{Øk%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
mäkk00%>e

%{XC%}:s

%{XC%}:l

%{XC%}:ĺ

%{XC%}:k

%{cć%}:ć

%{cć%}:c

Consonant weakening

kToZero

puhkas%{back%}%^WGStem%>taq
puh0as00%>taq
ikkõ%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
ik000000%>ma

%{pṕØ%}:0

%{tt́Ø%}:0

võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a^Pen^G1^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>eti
võ00000000>eti

%{kḱØ%}:0

j{ou}{ou}s{kḱØ}{back}^VOWLower^WGStem>{eõ}
joos0000>õ
★j{ou}{ou}s{kḱØ}{back}^VOWLower^WGStem>{eõ} (is not standard language)
★joosk000>õ (is not standard language)

%{sØ%}:0

su%{sØ%}śo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
su0śo000 vaśma+V+Inf/mA: answer/vastata
va{sØ}{sś}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
va0ś0000>ma
ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^WGStem
hamba0000000
rahva{sØ}{back}^VowRM^WGStem>id{eõ}
rahv00000>idõ

%{vØ%}:0
kruv́ma+V+Inf/mA

kru{vØ}{vv́}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
kru0v́0000>ma

%{rØ%}:0

a%{rØ%}ro%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
a0ro000

%{nØ%}:0

su%{nØ%}ńo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
su0ńo000
va{nØ}{nń}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^CC2C^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
va0n000000000>m{aä}

%{lØ%}:0

ta%{lØ%}lo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
ta0lo000

%{mØ%}:0

su%{sØ%}śo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
su0śo000

%{kØ%}:0

puh%{kØ%}as%{back%}%^WGStem%>taq
puh0as00%>taq
vis%{kØ%}a%{back%}%^WGStem%>aq
vis0a00%>aq

nätsk+A+Sg+Gen

nä%{td%}s%{kØ%}%{front%}%^G1%>%{aä%}
näds000%>ä
eläni{kØ}{kg}{front}^G3
eläni0k00
i%{kØ%}kõ%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
i0k00000%>ma

kakma:

ka%{kØ%}%{kḱ%}u%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
ka0k00000%>ma

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Nom

kõi%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL
kõi0ḱ000
ri%{kØ%}ka%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
ri0kas00000 jõgi+N+Sg+Gen: river/joki
jõ%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{back%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}
jõ0000%>õ

pToZero

tapp%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
tap000%>ma

%{pØ%}:0

se%{pØ%}p%{front%}%^WGStem
se0p00
tap%{pØ%}%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
tap000%>ma

XØToZero agras+A+Sg+Gen

a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^G2%^WGStem
akra0000000
ve%{rØ%}rev%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
ve0rev000%>ä elläi+N+Sg+Gen
e{lØ}lä{ij}{front}^Pen^WGStem^I2J>{aä}
e0läj0000>ä pereh+N+Sg+Gen: family/perhe
pe{rØ}re{hØ}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^WGStem
perre00000 hamõh+N+Sg+Nom
ha%{mØ%}mõ%{hØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
ha0mõh000000

XØToSelf villui+A+Sg+Nom

vi{lØ}lui{back}^Pen^G3
villui000

kevväi+N+Sg+Gen: spring

ke%{vØ%}vä%{ij%}%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>ä
ke0väj000%>ä

%{sØ%}:s ratas+N+Sg+Nom

ra%{tØ%}ta%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
ra0tas000000 kaardas+N+Sg+Nom
kaar%{dØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
kaardas000000 agras+A+Sg+Nom
a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
agras000000

%{hØ%}:h hamõh+N+Sg+Nom

ha%{mØ%}mõ%{hØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
ha0mõh000000

%{kØ%}:k rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:

reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
rehk0s000000>ä>mä
as%{kØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
asko000
eläni{kØ}{kg}{back}^G4>{eõ}
elänikk00>e makḱ+N+Pl+All
ma{kØ}{kḱ}{back}^StrGStem^NoPAL>{eõ}>l{eõ}
makk000>õ>lõ egä+Det+Sg+Ill:
e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G4
ekkä000 igä+N+Sg+Ill: age/ikä
i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
ikkä000

%{pb%}:p

kau%{pb%}%{õØ%}%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}%>m%{aä%}
kaup0l0000000%>õ%>ma
li%{pb%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
lipõ000

%{t́d́%}:d́

%{t́d́%}:t́

%{td%}:t

lu̬u̬dusõkai{td}sõ^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem>q
lu̬u̬dusõkaitsõ0000>q võitlõma+V+Inf/mA
või{td}{õØ}{lĺ}{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{eõ}>m{aä}
võit0l00000000>õ>ma nätsk+A+Sg+Nom
nä%{td%}s%{kØ%}%{front%}%^G2
nätsk00 hõrts+N+Sg+Nom
hõr%{td%}so%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM
hõrts0000000

%{kg%}:k akaŕ+A+Sg+Nom

a%{kg%}a%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^PAL
akaŕ0000
rän%{kg%}%{front%}%^G3
ränk00
avali{kØ}{kg}{back}^G3
avali0k00 egä+Det+Sg+Nom:
e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G2
e0gä000

%{kg%}:g apteḱ+N+Sg+Gen:

apte{kØ}{kḱg}{back}^VOWLower^G2>i
apte0g000%>i agras+A+Sg+Nom:
a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
agras00000 egä+Det+Sg+Nom:
e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G2
e0gä000
hõl%{kg%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
hõlgas000
rän%{kg%}%{front%}%^G2%{aä%}
räng00ä

nõkõś+N+Sg+Ill

nõ%{kg%}õ%{sś%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%{XC%}%>õ%>he
nõgõs000s%>õ%>he
a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
agras000

%{td%}:d

kaotama+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

kao%{td%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
kaoda000

%{tt́d%}:d kergütämä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

kergü{tt́d}{front}^VOWRaise^WGStem^NoPAL>{aä}
kergüd0000>ä

tToZero hüdsi+N+Sg+Par:

hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>t
hü0s0000%>t
att%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
at000%>ma

%{tØ%}:0

puh%{tØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
puh0as000 ratas+N+Sg+Nom
ra%{tØ%}ta%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
ra0tas00000

sõda+N+Sg+Gen:

sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G1
sõ00a000

%{t́Ø%}:0

CONSONANT QUALITY CHANGE

%{pṕb%}:b

loro%{pṕb%}%{back%}%^G2%>i
lorob00%>i

%{pb%}:b habras+A+Sg+Nom

ha%{pb%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
habras0000
ki%{pb%}õ%{nń%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
kibõn000%>a

p2b

b20

%{pbØ%}:b

%{dr%}:r murrõq+N+Sg+Nom

mur%{dr%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%>q
murrõ00000%>q

%{dr%}:d murrõq+N+Sg+Gen

mur%{dr%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem
murdõ00000

%{ḱǵj%}:ǵ

%{ḱǵj%}:ḱ

%{ḱǵj%}:0

%{tdØ%}:d

%{dØ%}:d väärdlemä+V+Inf/mA

väär{dØ}{eØ}{lĺ}{front}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{eõ}>m{aä}
väärd0l00000000>e>mä

kaardas+N+Sg+Nom

kaar%{dØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^StrGStem%^StrGStem
kaardas000000

%{kgØ%}:g jõgi+N+Sg+Nom: river / joki

jõ{kØ}{kgØ}{back}^G2>i
jõ0g00>i lugõma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3
lu{kgØ}õ{back}^Pen^G2
lugõ000

%{pbv%}:b

tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G2i
tõ0b00i

hammas

ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
hammas000

%{bm%}:m

ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
hammas00000

%{bm%}:b

ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^G2%^WGStem
hamba000000

%{bv%}:v

när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
närväs00000 leib+N+Sg+Gen: bread/leipä
lei{bv}{front}^ÄI2ÄÄ^WGStem>{aä}
leev000>ä

%{dn%}:n kannõĺ+N+Sg+Nom: kantele

kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%^PAL
kannõĺ0000

%{dl%}:l

tul%{back%}%>%{dl%}aq%^Pen%^WGStem
tul0%>laq00
kõnõl%{back%}%>%{dl%}aq%^Pen%^WGStem
kõnõl0%>laq00
val%{dl%}%{back%}%^G1%>n
vall00%>n

%{dv%}:v

pü%{üv%}%{dv%}%{front%}%^G1%>et
püvv00%>et
lu{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
luvv00>a
sü%{üv%}%{dv%}%{front%}%^G1%>ä
süvv00%>ä

VdVToVtV

dTos

tTos

tTod kaotama+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

kaota%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
kaoda000

There should always be a trigger

** %{dn%}:d**

kan%{dn%}õl%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^Pen%^VowRM%>õ
kand0l00000%>õ

j2i

**{kḱg}:g **

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Gen

kõi%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^G2%^NoPAL%>%{eõ%}
kõi0g00%>õ

k2g

hõrak%{back%}%^G1%>a
hõrag00%>a
★hõrak%{back%}%^G1%>a (is not standard language)
★hõrak00%>a (is not standard language)
kisk%{back%}%^G1%>%{uü%}%>t%{aä%}v
kis000%>u%>tav
süküs%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>e
sügüs000%>e

igä+N+Sg+Ill

i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
ikkä00
ko%{kg%}õr%{back%}%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%>õ
kok0r0000%>õ

bTop

%{pbv%}:p

tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
tõpp00%>e

%{pbØ%}:p

%{tdØ%}:t

%{kgØ%}:k

mä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
mäkk00%>e

STEM-FINAL CONSONANT LOSS

s20 kirotus+N+Pl+Gen:

kirotus%{back%}%^CnsRM%>isi
kirotu000%>isi

usś+N+Sg+Par door

uss%{back%}%^TS2S%>t
us000%>t

vaśma+V+Inf/mA

va{sØ}{sś}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
va0ś0000>ma

%{bv%}:b närväs+A+Sg+Gen:

när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^StrGStem%^WGStem
närbä0000000

%{gØ%}:g liig+A+Sg+Nom:

lii%{gØ%}%{back%}%^StrGStem
liig00 huug

d20

hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>te
hü0s0000%>te

%{dØ%}:0

g20 deprication to {gǵØ}:0

aig%{back%}%^WGStem%>o
a0000%>o argnõma+V+Inf
ar%{gØ%}{back}{eõ}^Pen^WGStem>d{aä}q
ar00õ00>daq

%{gØ%}:0

aig{back}^WGStem>o
a0000>o igä+N+Sg+Gen
i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G1
i00ä000 lugõma+V+Pss+PrfPrc read/lukea
lu{kgØ}õ{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^VowRM>e>t
lo00000000>e>t argnõma+V+Inf
ar{gØ}{back}{eõ}^Pen^WGStem>d{aä}q
ar00õ00>daq
palgõ%{back%}%^WGStem%>h
pal0õ00%>h

{gǵØ}:0 särǵ+N+Sg+Gen: roach/särki

sär{gǵØ}{front}^WGStem^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
sär0000>e

{gǵØ}:g särǵ+N+Sg+Ill: roach/särki

sär{gǵØ}{front}^StrGStem^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
särg000>e

%{pbv%}:v

tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}
tõ0v00%>õ

%{pbØ%}:0

%{tdØ%}:0

hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>te
hü0s0000%>te

%{kgØ%}:0

mä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}
mä0000%>e
u%{jØ%}jo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>m%{aä%}
u0jo000%>ma

püüdmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3

pü%{üv%}%{dd́v%}%{front%}%^PAL
püüd́00

pereq

pe%{rØ%}re%{front%}%^WGStem%>h
pe0re00%>h

naŕma

na%{rØ%}%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL%>m%{aä%}
na0r000%>ma

Other marks

ki%{pb%}õ%{nń%}%{back%}%>a
kipõn0%>a

Disallow %^ErrorBack:0 in BHARM

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc

Võro NLP Grammar

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