The Võro morphophonological/twolc rules file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Special letters

• u̬ u plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• U̬ u plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• ü̬ ü plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• Ü̬ ü plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• i̬ i plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• I̬ i plus U+032C COMBINING CARON BELOW
• õ̭ õ plus U+032D COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW
• Õ̭ õ plus U+032D COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW
• ˋ U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT other parts of stem %{ˋØ%}:0 — U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT used in rules ˋ:0 — U+02CB MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT used outside of rules, this is temporary removal 2017-04-20

Vowel harmony with “(t)a/ä”

 %{aä%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "(t)a/ä" AÄ1:a AÄ1:ä AÄ1:0
 %{ae%}:a   — Vowel harmony with "a/e/õ" passive tahetu
 %{aõ%}:a   — Vowel harmony with "a/e/õ" passive sõidõtu
 %{äe%}:ä    — Vowel harmony with "ä/e/õ" passive
 %{eõ%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "e/õ"
 %{uü%}:0    — Vowel harmony with "u/ü"
 %{öü%}:ö    — Vowel raising
 %{ou%}:o    — Vowel raising
 %{ei%}:e    — Vowel raising
 %{õy%}:õ    — Vowel raising
 %{ao%}:a    — Vowel raising

 %{eØ%}:e    — ütlemä:üt%{eØ%}l  
 %{õØ%}:õ    — ütlemä:üt%{eØ%}l  
 %{Øõ%}:0    — juurdlõma:juur%{dØ%}%{0õ%}l

 %{dØ%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dv%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dn%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}
 %{dl%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}

 %{ij%}:i    ellä%{ij%}
 %{gv%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gl%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gØ%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas argnõma:ar%{gØ%}
 %{uv%}:u    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{üv%}:ü    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{hØ%}:h    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{jØ%}:j    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kØ%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lØ%}:l    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{mØ%}:m    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{nØ%}:n    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pØ%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas oppama:o%{pØ%}pama
 %{rØ%}:r    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sØ%}:s    — HJK and KimmoK ideas närväs:när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}
 %{vØ%}:v    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{pØ%}:0    — häbü:häbü+N:hä%{pØ%}%{pbØ%}ü
 %{tØ%}:0    — koda:ko%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a
 %{kØ%}:0    — nägo:nä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}o

 %{bv%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas närväs:när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}
 %{dr%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas parras:par%{dr%}a%{sØ%}
 %{bm%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas lammas:lam%{bm%}a%{sØ%}
 %{pb%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pb%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{tØ%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{t́Ø%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas jaht́lõma:jah%{t́Ø%}%{eØ%}%{lĺ%}
 %{td%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{t́d́%}:t́    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kg%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kaigas:kai%{kg%}as

 %{pbØ%}:p   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pbØ%}:b   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pbØ%}:0   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{pbv%}:p   %{pbv%}:b   %{pbv%}:v   — tõbi: tõvõ tõpõ tõppõ

 %{tdØ%}:d   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{kgØ%}:k   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kgØ%}:g   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kgØ%}:0   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{jiØ%}:i   — HJK and KimmoK ideas vari:var%{jiØ%}o
 %{qmn%}:q   — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{qn%}:q    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na

 %{dd́Ø%}:d   
 %{dd́n%}:d   
 %{dd́r%}:d   
 %{dd́v%}:d   
 %{dd́Ø%}:d   
 %{gǵv%}:g   
 %{gǵØ%}:g   
 %{kḱg%}:k    %{kḱg%}:ḱ    %{kḱg%}:g   
 %{kḱØ%}:k   
 %{pṕb%}:p   %{pṕb%}:ṕ    %{pṕb%}:b   
 %{tt́d%}:t    %{tt́d%}:t́    %{tt́d%}:d   
 %{tt́Ø%}:t    täh%{tt́Ø%}
 %{pṕØ%}:p   

Palatalization of consonants

 %{bb́%}:b    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{cć%}:c    — HJK and KimmoK ideas Isaać:Isaa%{cć%}:ci
 %{dd́%}:d    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{ff́%}:f    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{gǵ%}:g    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{hh́%}:h    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kḱ%}:k    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lĺ%}:l     — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{lĺ%}:ĺ     — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{mḿ%}:m    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{nń%}:n    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{pṕ%}:p    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{rŕ%}:r    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sś%}:s    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{sś%}:ś    — HJK and KimmoK ideas vaśma:va%{sØ%}%{sś%}
 %{tt́%}:t    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{vv́%}:v    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{ḱǵj%}:ḱ   — HJK and KimmoK ideas laǵa:la%{ḱǵj%}a
 %{zź%}:z    — HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{dd́n%}:d 

Miscellaneous other symbols

 %{XV%}:0    — This is used for echoing the previous vowel
 %{XC%}:0    — This is used for lengthening a consonant
 %^I7:0      — This appears in stem vaoma:va%^I7o for vaio
 %^K7:0      — This appears in stem väemä:vä%^K7e for väkeq
 %^V7:0      — This appears in stem häömä:hä%^V7ö for hävvü
 %^T7:0      — This appears in stem kaoma:ka%^T7o for katoq
 %^Y7:õ      — This appears for syna = s%^Y7na and is rendered as õ in the norm

Triggers

   %^OO2Õ:0    — joo%^OO2Õ%>i:j0õ0%>i
   %^CC2C:0    — att%^CC2C%>m%{aä%} atma
 %^PSS:0       vowel in passive tahetu, sõidõtu, eletü
 %^ÄI2ÄÄ:0    — päiv%^ÄI2ÄÄ%>ä: päävä
 %{front%}:0    — front harmony
 %{back%}:0    — back harmony
%^ErrorBack:0  — +Err/Orth+Clt:%>kinaq in front harmony context BHARM disallowance
 %{PrsSg1%}:0  — this helps with %{eõ%}:i̬

 %{td%}:t 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{kg%}:k 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kaigas:kai%{kg%}as

 %{qmn%}:q 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{qn%}:q 	 HJK and KimmoK ideas kana:ka%{nØ%}na
 %{XV%}:0		 This is used for echoing the previous vowel
 %{XC%}:0	 This is used for lengthening a consonant
 %^I7:0          This appears in stem vaoma:va%^I7o for vaio
 %^K7:0           This appears in stem väemä:vä%^K7e for väkeq
 %^V7:0          This appears in stem häömä:hä%^V7ö for hävvü
 %^T7:0          This appears in stem kaoma:ka%^T7o for katoq

**%^Y7:õ  **  This appears for syna = s%^Y7na and is rendered as õ in the norm

%^NoGrad:0     — This will be placed after a stem to break Gradation
%^APOCH:0      — This causes apochope: puhksama vs puhastaq
%^StrD2T:0     — This changes g,d,b => k,t,p

%^G1:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 0, also t, k
%^G2:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 b, also t, k
%^G3:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for 0 p, also t, k
%^G4:0	       — This is used with %{pØ%} %{pbØ%} for p p, also t, k

%^WGStem:0     — This weakens "kipõń" to "kibõna", "ompel" to "ommel"
%^StrGStem:0   — This strengthens "perädü" to "perätüt"
%^ShortGStem:0   — This shortens "pu%{tØ%}tu" to "putma", an orthographic convension
%^LongGStem:0     — This lengthens "pu%{tØ%}tu" to "puttuq"

%^Pen:0        — This moves us to penultimate coda
%^PAL:0	       — Palatalization
%^NoPAL:0	       — NoPalatalization

%^JI20:0	       — in vari: vaŕo
%^JI2I:0	       — in vari vari
%^JI2J:0	       — in vari: varjo

%^PenWGStem:0  — This weakens "kipõń" to "kibõna"
%^PenVowRM:0   — syncope tapõld : taplõma 
%^D2S:0        — The ti => si
%^TS2S:0       — The -ts- => -s-
%^I2J:0        — The i => j change
%^PLPRT:0      — The a:o attested in Plural kana:kanno and prt
%^VOWRaise:0   — Raises vowel
%^VOWLower:0   — Lowers vowel
%^XLowerVow:0  — Lowers vowel two levels
%^VOWLowerDelab:0   — Lowers vowel and delabializes it
%^XLowerVowDelab:0  — Lowers vowel two levels and delabializes it
%^U2E:0        — lowers u:õ and ü:e delabializes and lowers
%^U2A:0        — lowers u:a and ü:ä delabializes and lowers
%^VowRM:0      — this will remove stem final vowel
%^CnsRM:0      — this will remove stem final consonant tervüs:tervü

Onset consonant or word boundary

• füüsi{kg}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^VowRM>i>dõ
• füüsik00000>i>dõ

Right context for gradation

Rules

VOWEL HARMONY

Vowel harmony suffixes Front

%{aä%}:a

%{aä%}:ä

%{uü%}:u

%{uü%}:ü

%{eõ%}:õ

%{eõ%}:e

%{ae%}:e tahtma+V+Pss+PrfPrc+Sg+Nom: want/haluta

• tah{tt́Ø}{ae}{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem>{eõ}>t{uü}
• tah0e00000>0>tu

%{aõ%}:õ

%{äe%}:e

VOWEL LOWERING

u:o

• lugõ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%>i
• lo00000000%>i

ü:ö

• pü{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^VowRM>e>t
• pö00000000>e>t
• süü%{front%}%^VOWLower%^WGStem%>nüq
• söö000%>nüq

o2õ

• joo%{back%}%^OO2Õ%>i
• jõ000%>i
• aigo%{back%}%^OO2Õ
• aigõ00

u2õ

• laulu%{back%}%^OO2Õ
• laulõ00

ö2e

• söö%{front%}%^OO2Õ%>i
• se000%>i

Delabializing o and ö

VOWEL RAISING

Delabializing o and ö

PALATALIZATION

n2ń palatalization all kestmä+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:

• kes{tt́}{äe}{front}^Pen^PAL^VowRM
• kest́00000

akaŕ+A+Sg+Nom

• a%{kg%}a%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^PAL
• akaŕ0000

asi+N+Sg+Gen:

• a%{sś%}%{jiØ%}%{back%}%^PAL%^VowRM%>%{aä%}
• aś0000%>a

alostama+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:

• alos{tt́}a^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^PAL^VowRM
• alost́000000

%{kḱ%}:ḱ kakma

• ka%{kØ%}%{kḱ%}u%{back%}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^G4^Pen^PAL%^VowRM
• kakḱ000000000
• ka{kØ}{kḱ}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^G3^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>n{uü}q
• ka0k000000000>nuq

n2n no palatalization all

rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:

• reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
• rehk0s000000>ä>mä hanǵ+N+Sg+Gen: snow pack/hanki
• han{gǵ}{back}^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
• hang000>e

{dd́n}:d́ palatalization for 3-way

särǵ+N+Sg+Nom: roach/särki

• sär{gǵØ}{front}^StrGStem^PAL
• särǵ000 andma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• an%{dd́n%}%{back%}%^PAL
• and́00

{dd́n}:n weaken 3-way

andma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1

• an%{dd́n%}%{back%}%^WGStem%>m%{aä%}
• ann00%>ma

püüdmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1

• pü%{üv%}%{dd́v%}%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
• püvv00%>ä

%{dd́v%}:v

%{pṕb%}:p loroṕ+N+Sg+Par:

• loro{pṕb}{back}^StrGStem^NoPAL>i
• lorop000>i

%{tt́d%}:t

hainatama+V+Inf/mA

• haina{tt́d}a{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem>m{aä}
• hainata00000>ma

%{kḱg%}:k

• pisla%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^G2%>
• pislaḱ00%>

%{pṕb%}:ṕ loroṕ

• loro{pṕb}{back}^StrGStem^PAL
• loroṕ000

%{tt́d%}:t́

%{kḱg%}:ḱ

• pisla%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^StrGStem%^PAL
• pislaḱ000

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Nom

• kõ̭i%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL
• kõ̭i0ḱ000

VOWEL CHANGE WITH PLURAL

tegemä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1: do

• teg%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{eõ%}

• ti̬000%>i̬

• k%{ei%}%{ei%}%{lĺ%}%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
• ki̬i̬ĺ000

õ2õ̭

• sõda%{back%}%^WGStem
• sõ̭0a00

o2u̬

Vx%{ou%}:Vyo

hoolas+A+Sg+Nom:

• h%{ou%}%{ou%}la%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^G1
• hoolas00000 Toomas+N+Prop+Sg+Nom
• T{ou}{ou}ma{sØ}{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^StrGStem
• Toomas000000

Vx%{ou%}2Vyu̬ nuuĺ+N+Sg+Nom: arrow

• n%{ou%}%{ou%}%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
• nu̬u̬ĺ000 juuma+V+Pss+Cond+ConNegI: drink/juoda
• j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv{aä}>siq
• ju̬0000>vva>siq

kiiĺ+N+Sg+Gen: tongue/kieli

• k%{ei%}%{ei%}{lĺ}%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^PAL
• ki̬i̬ĺ000
• k%{ei%}%{ei%}r%{dØ%}%{eØ%}%{lĺ%}%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}%>m%{aä%}
• ki̬i̬rd0l00000%>e%>mä

i2e pini+N+Pl+Par: dog/koira

• pi%{nØ%}ni%{front%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}
• pinn00000%>e kiiĺ+N+Sg+Gen: tongue/kieli
• k%{ei%}%{ei%}{lĺ}%{front%}%^VOWLower%^NoPAL%>%{eõ%}
• keel000%>e leib+N+Sg+Gen: bread/leipä
• lei{bv}{front}^ÄI2ÄÄ^WGStem>{aä}
• leev000>ä
• pi%{tdØ%}ä%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%{eõ%}%>t%{aä%}s
• pe00000000e%>täs

i:ä päiv+N+Sg+Gen: day/päivä

• päiv%{front%}%^ÄI2ÄÄ%>ä
• pääv00%>ä

a2o

* *ka%{nØ%}na%{back%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^PLPRT*
* *kanno0000*

{ao}o

* *ka%{nØ%}n%{ao%}%{back%}%^G3%^PLPRT*
* *kanno000*

VOWEL LOSS

a:0 a _ (HarmDummiesVar) %> i ;

• saa%{back%}%>i
• sa00%>i sõimama+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg1
• sõima%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%>ssi
• sõim0000000%>ssi
• puhkas%{back%}%^Pen%^VowRM%>a%>ma
• puhk0s000%>a%>ma võtma+V+Inf/mA: to take/ottaa
• võ{tØ}{tt́}a{back}^Pen^WGStem^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
• võ0t0000000>ma võtma+V+Ind+Prt+Sg3: to take/ottaa
• võ{tØ}{tt́}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^PAL^VowRM
• võtt́0000000

sõda+N+Pl+Par:

• sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G3%^VowRM%>o
• sõ0t00000%>o

ä:0 pügämä+V+Pss+PrfPrc:

• pü%{kgØ%}ä%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^VowRM%{eõ%}%>t
• pö00000000e%>t rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:
• reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}

• rehkäs000000>ä>mä

• jää%{front%}%^VOWRaise%^VowRM%>i
• jä0000%>i
• elä%{front%}%>et
• el00%>et tütär+N+Sg+Gen
• tütä%{rŕ%}%{front%}%^VowRM%>e
• tüt0r000%>e

U:0 Vx

* *hirnu{back}^Pen^CC2C^VowRM>m{aä}*
* *hirn00000>ma*
* *kut{sś}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^PAL^VowRM*
* *kutś0000000*
* *tervüs{front}^VowRM^CnsRM>i>t*
* *terv00000>i>t*
juusk+N+Sg+Nom: ____
* *j{ou}{ou}s{kØ}u{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM*
* *ju̬u̬sk0000*

* *kuu{back}^VOWLower^VowRM>i>d*
* *ku0000>i>d*

[ Cns: |ArchCns:| Vow: ] _ (s:) (HarmDummiesVar) (%^Pen: %^CC2C:|%^Pen: %^G3:|%^Pen: %^G4:|PenVOWHite %^Pen: %^G1:) %^VowRM: ;

• tüü%{front%}%^VowRM%>hüq
• tü000%>hüq
• tervüs%{front%}%^VowRM%^WGStem%>i%>t
• terv00000%>i%>t

e:0

• herne%{hØ%}%{front%}%^VowRM%^WGStem%>id%{eõ%}
• hern00000%>ide läteq+N+Pl?Gen: spring/lähde
• lä{tØ}te{front}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^VowRM>id{eõ}
• lätt0000000>ide

o:0 juuma+V+Inf

• j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv>{aä}q
• ju̬0000>vv>aq

Vx%{ou%}:0 juuma+V+Inf

• j{ou}{ou}{back}^VOWRaise^VowRM>vv>{aä}q
• ju̬0000>vv>aq

Vx%{äe%}:0 Passive stem vowel nõstma+V+Inf/mA

• nõs{tt́}{aõ}{back}^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
• nõst00000>ma kestmä+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg3:
• kes{tt́}{äe}{front}^Pen^PAL^VowRM
• kest́00000

ö:0

i:0 hüdsi+N+Sg+Par:

• hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>t
• hü0s0000%>t
• aigo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• a00o000

õ:0

• tapõl{back}^Pen^VowRMõ>m{aä}
• tap0l000õ>ma
• kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}{back}^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM>õ
• kand0l0000>õ kogõr+N
• ko%{kg%}õr{back}^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM>õ
• kok0r0000>õ hamõq+N+Pl+Ill
• ha%{mØ%}mõ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM%>ihe
• ha0m0000000%>ihe

%{eØ%}: 0

%{õØ%}: 0

VOWEL LENGTHENING

%{XV%}:u

%{XV%}:ü

%{XV%}:o

• taso%{back%}%-%{XV%}iq
• taso0%-oiq

%{XV%}:a

%{XV%}:ä

%{XV%}:õ kannõĺ+N+Sg+Gen: kantele

• kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%^NoPAL%>%{XV%}
• kand0l0000%>õ %{XV%}:e käskmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Neg command/käskeä
• käs%{kØ%}%{front%}%^WGStem%>%{eõ%}%-%{XV%}iq
• käs000%>e%-eiq

%{XV%}:i

i2j

• asi%{back%}%^I2J%>a
• asj00%>a elläi+N+Sg+Gen
• e{lØ}lä{ij}{front}^Pen^WGStem^I2J>{aä}
• e0läj0000>ä

%{ij%}:j

%{jiØ%}:j

%{jiØ%}:i

• ki{rŕ}{jiØ}{front}^NoPAL^JI2I
• kiri000

%{jiØ%}:0 vari+N+Sg+Gen: shadow/varjo

• va%{rŕ%}%{jiØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^PAL%^Pen%^WGStem
• vaŕ0o00000

%{jØ%}:0 vari+N+Sg+Gen: shadow/varjo

• va%{rŕ%}%{jiØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^PAL%^Pen%^WGStem
• vaŕ0o00000

u2v depricate to “%{uv%}:v”

%{uv%}:v

• lu{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
• luvv00>a joudma+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Sg1
• jõ%{uv%}%{dd́v%}%{back%}%^WGStem%>i
• jõvv00%>i
• la{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
• lavv00>a

{üv}:v

• pü{üv}{dd́v}{front}^WGStem>et
• püvv00>et
• sü{üv}{dv}{front}^WGStem>ä

• süvv00>ä

• examples:*

• examples:*

%^I7:i

• va%^I7o%^StrGStem%>i
• vaio0%>0

%^I7:i

CONSONANT %{pṕØ%}:ṕ

• pap%{pṕØ%}%{back%}%^G2%^PAL
• papṕ000

**%{tt́Ø%}:t́ **

• täh%{tt́Ø%}%{front%}%^StrGStem%^PAL
• täht́000
• võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^PAL^VowRM
• võtt́0000000

**%{tt́Ø%}:t **

täht́+N+Err/Orth-no-pal+Sg+Nom: star/tähti

• täh{tt́Ø}{front}^StrGStem^NoPAL
• täht000 võtma+V+Act+Ind+Prt+Pl3
• võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a{back}^Pen^G3^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>iq
• võ0t0000000>iq
• hoi{tt́Ø}{back}^VOWRaise^StrGStem^NoPAL>aq
• hoit00000>aq

%{kḱØ%}:ḱ

SECONDARY CONSONANT LENGTHENING

%{pØ%}:p

* *hä%{pØ%}%{pbØ%}ü%{front%}%^Pen%^G4*
* *häppü000*
* *tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}*
* *tõpp00%>õ*
* *se%{pØ%}p%{front%}%^StrGStem*
* *sepp00*
* *nu%{pØ%}pu%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM*
* *nupp0000000*

{tØ}:t

• sõ%{tØ%}da%{back%}%^G4%^PLPRT
• sõtto000
• si%{tØ%}t%{front%}%^StrGStem
• sitt00
• ü%{tØ%}te%{front%}%^Pen%^StrGStem
• ütte000
• mü%{tØ%}tü%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM
• mütt0000000 sõda+N+Sg+Ill:
• sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G3
• sõtta000
• uh{tØ}a{sś}{back}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
• uht0s000000>a>ma
• unõh{tØ}u{back}^Pen^StrGStem
• unõhtu000

%{t́Ø%}:t́

%{Øk%}:k igä+N+Sg+Ill

• i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
• ikkä00
• mä%{Øk%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
• mäkk00%>e

%{XC%}:s

%{XC%}:l

%{XC%}:ĺ

%{XC%}:k

%{cć%}:ć

%{cć%}:c

Consonant weakening

kToZero

• puhkas%{back%}%^WGStem%>taq

• puh0as00%>taq

• ikkõ%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
• ik000000%>ma

%{pṕØ%}:0

%{tt́Ø%}:0

• võ{tØ}{tt́Ø}a^Pen^G1^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>eti
• võ00000000>eti

%{kḱØ%}:0

• j{ou}{ou}s{kḱØ}{back}^VOWLower^WGStem>{eõ}
• joos0000>õ
• ★j{ou}{ou}s{kḱØ}{back}^VOWLower^WGStem>{eõ} (is not standard language)
• ★joosk000>õ (is not standard language)

%{sØ%}:0

• su%{sØ%}śo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• su0śo000 vaśma+V+Inf/mA: answer/vastata
• va{sØ}{sś}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
• va0ś0000>ma
• ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^WGStem

• hamba0000000

• rahva{sØ}{back}^VowRM^WGStem>id{eõ}
• rahv00000>idõ

%{vØ%}:0
kruv́ma+V+Inf/mA

• kru{vØ}{vv́}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
• kru0v́0000>ma

%{rØ%}:0

• a%{rØ%}ro%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
• a0ro000

%{nØ%}:0

• su%{nØ%}ńo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• su0ńo000
• va{nØ}{nń}u{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^CC2C^Pen^NoPAL^VowRM>m{aä}
• va0n000000000>m{aä}

%{lØ%}:0

• ta%{lØ%}lo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• ta0lo000

%{mØ%}:0

• su%{sØ%}śo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• su0śo000

%{kØ%}:0

• puh%{kØ%}as%{back%}%^WGStem%>taq
• puh0as00%>taq
• vis%{kØ%}a%{back%}%^WGStem%>aq
• vis0a00%>aq

nätsk+A+Sg+Gen

• nä%{td%}s%{kØ%}%{front%}%^G1%>%{aä%}

• näds000%>ä

• eläni{kØ}{kg}{front}^G3
• eläni0k00
• i%{kØ%}kõ%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
• i0k00000%>ma

kakma:

• ka%{kØ%}%{kḱ%}u%{back%}%^Pen%^CC2C%^VowRM%>m%{aä%}
• ka0k00000%>ma

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Nom

• kõi%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL
• kõi0ḱ000
• ri%{kØ%}ka%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
• ri0kas00000 jõgi+N+Sg+Gen: river/joki
• jõ%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{back%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}
• jõ0000%>õ

pToZero

• tapp%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
• tap000%>ma

%{pØ%}:0

• se%{pØ%}p%{front%}%^WGStem

• se0p00

• tap%{pØ%}%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
• tap000%>ma

XØToZero agras+A+Sg+Gen

• a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^G2%^WGStem
• akra0000000
• ve%{rØ%}rev%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
• ve0rev000%>ä elläi+N+Sg+Gen
• e{lØ}lä{ij}{front}^Pen^WGStem^I2J>{aä}
• e0läj0000>ä pereh+N+Sg+Gen: family/perhe
• pe{rØ}re{hØ}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^WGStem
• perre00000 hamõh+N+Sg+Nom
• ha%{mØ%}mõ%{hØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• ha0mõh000000

XØToSelf villui+A+Sg+Nom

• vi{lØ}lui{back}^Pen^G3
• villui000

kevväi+N+Sg+Gen: spring

• ke%{vØ%}vä%{ij%}%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>ä
• ke0väj000%>ä

%{sØ%}:s ratas+N+Sg+Nom

• ra%{tØ%}ta%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• ra0tas000000 kaardas+N+Sg+Nom
• kaar%{dØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• kaardas000000 agras+A+Sg+Nom
• a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• agras000000

%{hØ%}:h hamõh+N+Sg+Nom

• ha%{mØ%}mõ%{hØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• ha0mõh000000

%{kØ%}:k rehksämä+V+Inf/mA:

• reh{kØ}ä{sś}{front}^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{aä}>m{aä}
• rehk0s000000>ä>mä
• as%{kØ%}o%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
• asko000
• eläni{kØ}{kg}{back}^G4>{eõ}
• elänikk00>e makḱ+N+Pl+All
• ma{kØ}{kḱ}{back}^StrGStem^NoPAL>{eõ}>l{eõ}
• makk000>õ>lõ egä+Det+Sg+Ill:
• e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G4
• ekkä000 igä+N+Sg+Ill: age/ikä
• i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
• ikkä000

%{pb%}:p

• kau%{pb%}%{õØ%}%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%>%{eõ%}%>m%{aä%}

• kaup0l0000000%>õ%>ma

• li%{pb%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
• lipõ000

%{t́d́%}:d́

%{t́d́%}:t́

%{td%}:t

• lu̬u̬dusõkai{td}sõ^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem>q
• lu̬u̬dusõkaitsõ0000>q võitlõma+V+Inf/mA
• või{td}{õØ}{lĺ}{back}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{eõ}>m{aä}
• võit0l00000000>õ>ma nätsk+A+Sg+Nom
• nä%{td%}s%{kØ%}%{front%}%^G2
• nätsk00 hõrts+N+Sg+Nom
• hõr%{td%}so%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem%^VowRM
• hõrts0000000

%{kg%}:k akaŕ+A+Sg+Nom

• a%{kg%}a%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^PAL
• akaŕ0000
• rän%{kg%}%{front%}%^G3

• ränk00

• avali{kØ}{kg}{back}^G3
• avali0k00 egä+Det+Sg+Nom:
• e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G2
• e0gä000

%{kg%}:g apteḱ+N+Sg+Gen:

• apte{kØ}{kḱg}{back}^VOWLower^G2>i
• apte0g000%>i agras+A+Sg+Nom:
• a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
• agras00000 egä+Det+Sg+Nom:
• e{kØ}{kg}ä{front}^Pen^G2

• e0gä000

• hõl%{kg%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
• hõlgas000
• rän%{kg%}%{front%}%^G2%{aä%}
• räng00ä

nõkõś+N+Sg+Ill

• nõ%{kg%}õ%{sś%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%{XC%}%>õ%>he

• nõgõs000s%>õ%>he

• a%{kg%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• agras000

%{td%}:d

kaotama+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

• kao%{td%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G2
• kaoda000

%{tt́d%}:d kergütämä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

• kergü{tt́d}{front}^VOWRaise^WGStem^NoPAL>{aä}
• kergüd0000>ä

tToZero hüdsi+N+Sg+Par:

• hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>t

• hü0s0000%>t

• att%{back%}%^CC2C%>m%{aä%}
• at000%>ma

%{tØ%}:0

• puh%{tØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• puh0as000 ratas+N+Sg+Nom
• ra%{tØ%}ta%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem
• ra0tas00000

sõda+N+Sg+Gen:

• sõ%{tØ%}%{tdØ%}a%{back%}%^Pen%^G1
• sõ00a000

%{t́Ø%}:0

CONSONANT QUALITY CHANGE

%{pṕb%}:b

• loro%{pṕb%}%{back%}%^G2%>i
• lorob00%>i

%{pb%}:b habras+A+Sg+Nom

• ha%{pb%}ra%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%^StrGStem

• habras0000

• ki%{pb%}õ%{nń%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>%{aä%}
• kibõn000%>a

p2b

b20

%{pbØ%}:b

%{dr%}:r murrõq+N+Sg+Nom

• mur%{dr%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem%>q
• murrõ00000%>q

%{dr%}:d murrõq+N+Sg+Gen

• mur%{dr%}õ%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^StrGStem
• murdõ00000

%{ḱǵj%}:ǵ

%{ḱǵj%}:ḱ

%{ḱǵj%}:0

%{tdØ%}:d

%{dØ%}:d väärdlemä+V+Inf/mA

• väär{dØ}{eØ}{lĺ}{front}^Pen^VOWRaise^Pen^StrGStem^Pen^VowRM^NoPAL>{eõ}>m{aä}
• väärd0l00000000>e>mä

kaardas+N+Sg+Nom

• kaar%{dØ%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^StrGStem%^StrGStem
• kaardas000000

%{kgØ%}:g jõgi+N+Sg+Nom: river / joki

• jõ{kØ}{kgØ}{back}^G2>i
• jõ0g00>i lugõma+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3
• lu{kgØ}õ{back}^Pen^G2
• lugõ000

%{pbv%}:b

• tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G2i
• tõ0b00i

hammas

• ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• hammas000

%{bm%}:m

• ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
• hammas00000

%{bm%}:b

• ham%{bm%}a%{sØ%}%^Pen%^VOWRaise%^Pen%^G2%^WGStem
• hamba000000

%{bv%}:v

• när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^WGStem
• närväs00000 leib+N+Sg+Gen: bread/leipä
• lei{bv}{front}^ÄI2ÄÄ^WGStem>{aä}
• leev000>ä

%{dn%}:n kannõĺ+N+Sg+Nom: kantele

• kan%{dn%}õ%{lĺ%}%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%^PAL
• kannõĺ0000

%{dl%}:l

• tul%{back%}%>%{dl%}aq%^Pen%^WGStem
• tul0%>laq00
• kõnõl%{back%}%>%{dl%}aq%^Pen%^WGStem
• kõnõl0%>laq00
• val%{dl%}%{back%}%^G1%>n
• vall00%>n

%{dv%}:v

• pü%{üv%}%{dv%}%{front%}%^G1%>et
• püvv00%>et
• lu{uv}{dv}{back}^WGStem>{aä}
• luvv00>a
• sü%{üv%}%{dv%}%{front%}%^G1%>ä
• süvv00%>ä

VdVToVtV

dTos

tTos

tTod kaotama+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg1:

• kaota%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem
• kaoda000

There should always be a trigger

** %{dn%}:d**

• kan%{dn%}õl%{back%}%^Pen%^G2%^Pen%^VowRM%>õ
• kand0l00000%>õ

j2i

**{kḱg}:g **

kõiḱ+Pron+Sg+Gen

• kõi%{kØ%}%{kḱg%}%{back%}%^G2%^NoPAL%>%{eõ%}
• kõi0g00%>õ

k2g

• hõrak%{back%}%^G1%>a
• hõrag00%>a
• ★hõrak%{back%}%^G1%>a (is not standard language)
• ★hõrak00%>a (is not standard language)
• kisk%{back%}%^G1%>%{uü%}%>t%{aä%}v

• kis000%>u%>tav

• süküs%{front%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>e
• sügüs000%>e

igä+N+Sg+Ill

• i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G4
• ikkä00
• ko%{kg%}õr%{back%}%^StrGStem%^Pen%^VowRM%>õ
• kok0r0000%>õ

bTop

%{pbv%}:p

• tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
• tõpp00%>e

%{pbØ%}:p

%{tdØ%}:t

%{kgØ%}:k

• mä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G4%>%{eõ%}
• mäkk00%>e

STEM-FINAL CONSONANT LOSS

s20 kirotus+N+Pl+Gen:

• kirotus%{back%}%^CnsRM%>isi
• kirotu000%>isi

usś+N+Sg+Par door

• uss%{back%}%^TS2S%>t
• us000%>t

vaśma+V+Inf/mA

• va{sØ}{sś}{back}^VOWRaise^WGStem^PAL>m{aä}
• va0ś0000>ma

%{bv%}:b närväs+A+Sg+Gen:

• när%{bv%}ä%{sØ%}%{front%}%^Pen%^VOWLower%^Pen%^StrGStem%^WGStem
• närbä0000000

%{gØ%}:g liig+A+Sg+Nom:

• lii%{gØ%}%{back%}%^StrGStem
• liig00 huug

d20

• hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>te
• hü0s0000%>te

%{dØ%}:0

g20 deprication to {gǵØ}:0

• aig%{back%}%^WGStem%>o
• a0000%>o argnõma+V+Inf
• ar%{gØ%}{back}{eõ}^Pen^WGStem>d{aä}q
• ar00õ00>daq

%{gØ%}:0

• aig{back}^WGStem>o
• a0000>o igä+N+Sg+Gen
• i{kØ}{kgØ}ä{front}^Pen^G1
• i00ä000 lugõma+V+Pss+PrfPrc read/lukea
• lu{kgØ}õ{back}^Pen^VOWLower^Pen^WGStem^VowRM>e>t
• lo00000000>e>t argnõma+V+Inf
• ar{gØ}{back}{eõ}^Pen^WGStem>d{aä}q

• ar00õ00>daq

• palgõ%{back%}%^WGStem%>h
• pal0õ00%>h

{gǵØ}:0 särǵ+N+Sg+Gen: roach/särki

• sär{gǵØ}{front}^WGStem^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
• sär0000>e

{gǵØ}:g särǵ+N+Sg+Ill: roach/särki

• sär{gǵØ}{front}^StrGStem^NoPAL>%{eõ%}
• särg000>e

%{pbv%}:v

• tõ%{pØ%}%{pbv%}%{back%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}
• tõ0v00%>õ

%{pbØ%}:0

%{tdØ%}:0

• hüdsi%{front%}%^TS2S%^VowRM%>te
• hü0s0000%>te

%{kgØ%}:0

• mä%{kØ%}%{kgØ%}%{front%}%^G1%>%{eõ%}

• mä0000%>e

• u%{jØ%}jo%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>m%{aä%}
• u0jo000%>ma

püüdmä+V+Act+Ind+Prs+Sg3

• pü%{üv%}%{dd́v%}%{front%}%^PAL
• püüd́00

pereq

• pe%{rØ%}re%{front%}%^WGStem%>h
• pe0re00%>h

naŕma

• na%{rØ%}%{rŕ%}%{back%}%^CC2C%^PAL%>m%{aä%}
• na0r000%>ma

Other marks

• ki%{pb%}õ%{nń%}%{back%}%>a
• kipõn0%>a

Disallow %^ErrorBack:0 in BHARM

Disallow %^ErrorBack:0 in BHARM

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc