Morphology
INTRODUCTION TO THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSER OF LIVONIAN.
List of the multichar symbols
The morphological analyses of wordforms in Livonian are presented
in this system in terms of the symbols declared below.
(It is highly suggested to follow existing GiellaLT standards when adding new tags).
The parts-of-speech are:
- +A = adjective
- +Adp = adposition
- +Adv = adverb
- +CS = subordinating conjunction
- +CC = coordinating conjunction
- +Interj = interjection
- +N = noun
- +Num = numeral
- +Pcle = particle
- +Pr = preposition
- +Po = postposition
- +Pron = pronoun
- +Qnt = quantifier
- +V = verb
Parts of speech are further split up into:
Nouns
Pronouns
- +Dem = demonstrative
- +Indef = indefinite
- +Interr = interrogative
- +Pers = personal
- +Recipr = reciprocal
- +Refl = reflexive
- +Rel = relative
Nominals are inflected for Number and Case
Number
- +Sg = singular
- +Pl = plural
Case
- +Abe = abessive
- +Abl = ablative case
- +Ade = adessive
- +All = allative
- +Dat = dative case
- +Ela = elative
- +Ess = essive
- +Exe = exessive
- +Gen = genitive case
- +Ill = illative
- +Ine = inessive
- +Ins = instrumental -KÕKS
- +Instr = instructive -IN
- +Lat = Lative
- +Nom = nominative case
- +Par = partitive
- +Prl = prolative
- +Tra = translative
- +Voc = Vocative
Possession is marked as such:
- +PxSg1
- +PxSg2
- +PxSg3
- +PxPl1
- +PxPl2
- +PxPl3
The comparative forms are:
Numerals are classified under:
Verb moods are:
- +Cond = conditional
- +Ind = indicative
- +Imprt = imperative
- +ImprtII
- +Jus = jussitive
- +Quo = quotative, quoted speech
Tenses
Voice
- +Act = active
- +Pss = passive
Verb personal forms are:
- +Sg1 = first person singular conjugation
- +Sg2 = second person singular conjugation
- +Sg3 = third person singular conjugation
- +Pl1 = first person plural conjugation
- +Pl2 = second person plural conjugation
- +Pl3 = third person plural conjugation
Other verb forms are
- +ConNeg = connegative, main verb complement to Neg,
- +Ger = gerund
- +Inf = infinitive
- +Neg = verb of negation эзь, аволь, иля
- +Prc = participle CHECK! how is this used ?
- +PrsPrc
- +PrfPrc
- +Sup
- +VGen
- +VAbess
- +Aux = Auxiliary verb
Verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity:
- +TV = Transitive verb
- +IV = Intransitive verb
- +Err/Orth
- +Use/-Spell
- +Use/NG no generation
Abbreviated words are classified with:
- +ABBR containing period
- +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, ©
- +ACR acronyms, not containing period
Special symbols are classified with:
Special multiword units are analysed with:
(to govern compound behaviour for the speller, ie what a compound SHOULD BE):
The first part of the component may be ..
- +CmpN/Sg Sg
- +CmpN/SgN SgNominative
- +CmpN/SgG SgGenitive
- +CmpN/PlG PlGenitive
This entry / word can …
- +CmpNP/All - … be in all positions, default, this tag does not have to be written
- +CmpNP/First - … only be first part in a compound or alone
- +CmpNP/Pref - … only first part in a compound, NEVER alone
- +CmpNP/Last - … only be last part in a compound or alone
- +CmpNP/Suff - … only last part in a compound, NEVER alone
- +CmpNP/None - … not take part in compounds
- +CmpNP/Only - … only be part of a compound, i.e. can never
be used alone, but can appear in any position
Non-dictionary words can be recognised with:
Question and Focus particles:
- +Qst
-
+Foc
- +Sem/Act Activity
- +Sem/Amount Amount
- +Sem/Ani Animate
- +Sem/Aniprod Animal Product
- +Sem/Body Bodypart
- +Sem/Body-abstr siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
- +Sem/Build Building
- +Sem/Build-part Part of Bulding, like the closet
- +Sem/Cat Category
- +Sem/Clth Clothes
- +Sem/Clth-jewl Jewelery
- +Sem/Clth-part part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji…
- +Sem/Ctain Container
- +Sem/Ctain-abstr Abstract container like bank account
- +Sem/Ctain-clth
- +Sem/Curr Currency like dollár, Not Money
- +Sem/Dance Dance
- +Sem/Dir Direction like GPS-kursa
- +Sem/Domain Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
- +Sem/Drink Drink
- +Sem/Dummytag Dummytag
- +Sem/Edu Educational event
- +Sem/Event Event
- +Sem/Feat Feature, like Árvu
- +Sem/Feat-phys Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
- +Sem/Feat-psych Psychological feauture
- +Sem/Feat-measr Psychological feauture
- +Sem/Fem Female name
- +Sem/Food Food
- +Sem/Food-med Medicine
- +Sem/Furn Furniture
- +Sem/Game Game
- +Sem/Geom Geometrical object
- +Sem/Group Animal or Human Group
- +Sem/Hum Human
- +Sem/Hum-abstr Human abstract
- +Sem/Ideol Ideology
- +Sem/Lang Language
- +Sem/Mal Male name
- +Sem/Mat Material for producing things
- +Sem/Measr Measure
- +Sem/Money Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
- +Sem/Obj Object
- +Sem/Obj-clo Cloth
- +Sem/Obj-cogn Cloth
- +Sem/Obj-el (Electrical) machine or apparatus
- +Sem/Obj-ling Object with something written on it
- +Sem/Obj-rope flexible ropelike object
- +Sem/Obj-surfc Surface object
- +Sem/Org Organisation
- +Sem/Part Feature, oassi, bealli
- +Sem/Perc-cogn Cognative perception
- +Sem/Perc-emo Emotional perception
- +Sem/Perc-phys Physical perception
- +Sem/Perc-psych Physical perception
- +Sem/Plant Plant
- +Sem/Plant-part Plant part
- +Sem/Plc Place
- +Sem/Plc-abstr Abstract place
- +Sem/Plc-elevate Place
- +Sem/Plc-line Place
- +Sem/Plc-water Place
- +Sem/Pos Position (as in social position job)
- +Sem/Process Process
- +Sem/Prod Product
- +Sem/Prod-audio Audio product
- +Sem/Prod-cogn Cognition product
- +Sem/Prod-ling Linguistic product
- +Sem/Prod-vis Visual product
- +Sem/Rel Relation
- +Sem/Route Name of a Route
- +Sem/Rule Rule or convention
- +Sem/Semcon Semantic concept
- +Sem/Sign Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
- +Sem/Sport Sport
- +Sem/State
- +Sem/State-sick Illness
- +Sem/Substnc Substance, like Air and Water
- +Sem/Sur Surname
- +Sem/Symbol Symbol
- +Sem/Time Time
- +Sem/Tool Prototypical tool for repairing things
- +Sem/Tool-catch Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
- +Sem/Tool-clean Tool used for cleaning
- +Sem/Tool-it Tool used in IT
- +Sem/Tool-measr Tool used for measuring
- +Sem/Tool-music Music instrument
- +Sem/Tool-write Writing tool
- +Sem/Txt Text (girji, lávlla…)
- +Sem/Veh Vehicle
- +Sem/Wpn Weapon
- +Sem/Wthr The Weather or the state of ground
Semantics are classified with
Homonymy
Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the
source and target part-of-speech.
- +V→N
- +V→V
- +V→A
- +Der/xxx
- +Der/A for example present participle to adjective
- +Der/VN
- +Der/NomAct
- +Der/NomAg
- +NomAct
- +NomAg
Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):
- »7: Literal »
- «7: Literal «
%[%>%] - Literal >
%[%<%] - Literal <
Morphophonology
To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following
symbols in the lexicon files:
- {aä} back/front a
- {oö} back/front o
- {uü} back/front u
- {uü} for consonant lengthening
- %{õØ%} in umblõ:umb%{õØ%}lõ
And following triggers to control variation
Flag diacritics
We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following
flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds
with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:
| @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
| @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
| @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed
to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is
handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will
do no harm.
| @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first
| @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX
| @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds
| @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R
| @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
| @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
| @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
| @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root.
Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper
nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use
these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing
given the proper use of these flags.
| @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
| @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
Root lexicon
The word forms in Livonian start from the lexeme roots of basic
word classes
- adjectives ;
- adpositions ;
- adverbs ;
- conjunctors ;
- interjections ;
- nouns ;
- particles ;
- pronouns ;
- propernouns ;
- quantifiers ;
- verbs ;
- Abbreviation ;
- Acronym ;
- Punctuation ;
- Symbols ;
- EXCEPTIONS ;
- A_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new adjectives
- ADV_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new adverbs
- N_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new nouns
- PROP_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new propernouns
- V_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new verbs
- QUESTIONABLEMISC_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new words of questionable status
Lexica for words that are not inflected
These are but here for the time being
adverb lexicon
-
LEXICON ADV_KĒRATÕKS
-
LEXICON ADV_KǬRAND
-
LEXICON ADV_IRM
Interjections lexicon
pcle-mod lexicon
pcle-lexicon
This is used in compounding, e.g. äʼb-:äʼb
- LEXICON K is the clitic lexicon, but no clitica here, only #.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc