Livonian morphophonology

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

We first show alphabet and sets, thereafter rules.

Alphabet

• a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
• A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
• ḑ ļ ņ ŗ š ț ž
• Ḑ Ļ Ņ Ŗ Š Ț Ž
• õ ä ö ȯ
• Õ Ä Ö Ȯ
• ā ē ī ō ū ǟ ǭ ȭ ȱ
• Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū Ǟ Ǭ Ȭ Ȱ
• ʼ Stød

Literal quotes and angles

They must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries further down):

»7 «7 %[%>%] - Literal > %[%<%] - Literal <

Archiphonemes for consonant lengthening

• %{XC%}:p %{XC%}:t %{XC%}:k
• %{XC%}:b %{XC%}:d %{XC%}:g
• %{XC%}:l %{XC%}:ļ %{XC%}:j
• %{XC%}:m %{XC%}:n %{XC%}:ņ
• %{XC%}:r %{XC%}:ŗ
• %{XC%}:š %{XC%}:v %{XC%}:z %{XC%}:ž
• %{õØ%}:õ in umblõ:umb%{õØ%}lõ

Triggers

• %^PenVV2V:0 penultimate vowel shortening
• %^Tense:0 = Tense stem will have stød if proper stem type
• %^D2T:0 d:t veʼž:veʼd:vietā
• %^PreI:0 i:0 veʼž:veʼd:vietā
• %^ĪE2Ē:0 kēļ kīel
• K1:k this k is not effected by gradation
• %^NoGrad:0 This will be placed after a stem to break Gradation
• %^CC2C:0 this weakens the stem ompel to ommel
• %^TS:0 The ti => si
• %^D2Ž:0 The *ti => *si

• %^D2ZERO:0 The d => 0

• %^Pen:0 penultimate syllable
• %^U2ZERO:0 The u => 0
• %^VV2V:0 shorten vowel

Vowel raising

• %^VOWLower:0 lower vowel
• %^VOWRaise:0 raise vowel
• %^VowsSh1:0 vowel shortening in first syllable
• %^VowsShU1:0
• %^VowsShI1:0
• %^VowsShIn1:0
• %^DiphthSh1:0
• %^VowsLI1:0 vowel lengthening that is followed by “i” when short
• %^VowsLU1:0 vowel lengthening that is followed by “u” when short
• %^VowsL1:0 vowel lengthening
• %^DiphthL1:0
• %^LongV2Õin2:0 long vowel to õ in second syllable
• %^Vow2Iin2:0 vowel to i or ī in second syllable

Vowel metathesis

• %^VowsMetath:0

VOWEL SHORTENING

• %^VowShIn1:0 This causes vowel shortening in 1. syll
• accompanied by coda consonant lengthening
• %^A2ÕIn2:0 This causes 2. syll a => õ
• %^StodRM:0
• %^ConsSh:0
• %^ConsSh:0 lengthen consonant
• %^1Sh2L:0
• %^Stress1to2:0
• %^Stress2to1:0
• %^UltRmVow:0 - for removing ultimate vowels i, ? after final consonant in stem
• %^VowsMRM:0 Vow in middle ētam:eitmõd
• %^VowsRM:0
• %^ConsRM:0
• %^ConsRM:0 laps:läpš
• %^ConsRM:0
• %^VowsL1aToǭ:0
• %^VowsL1aToǭ:0 kīndõr:kīndiriž
• %^VowsL1aToǭ:0 Hyphen in constructions
• %^VowsL1aToǭ:0 morpheme boundary
• %^VowsL1aToǭ:0 Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds

Sets

• VowBack = a o u A O U ;
• VowFront = ä ö y ü Ä Ö Y Ü ;
• VowNeutral = e i E I ;
• VowNonHigh = a o ä ö e A O Ä Ö E ;
• VowLong = ā ō ū ǟ ǭ ȭ ȱ ȫ ȳ ǖ ē ī Ā Ō Ū Ǟ Ǭ Ȭ Ȱ Ȫ Ȳ Ǖ Ē Ī ;
• VowShort = a o u ä ǫ õ ȯ ö y ü e i A O U Ä Ǫ Õ Ȯ Ö Y Ü E I ;
• Vow = VowLong VowShort ;
• CnsWithStod = b d g j l ļ m n ņ r ŗ v z ž ;
• Cns = b c č d ḑ f g ģ h j k ķ l ļ m n ņ p q r ŗ s š t ț v z ž B C Č D Ḑ F G Ģ H J K Ķ L Ļ M N Ņ P Q R Ŗ S Š T Ț V Z Ž ;
• Letters = Vow Cns ;

• Dummy = %^DePal %^CC2C %^ConsSh %^ConsL %^VOWLower %^PalatalizeLeft %^PenVV2V %^Pen %^VV2V %^U2ZERO %^VOWRaise %^ConsRM %^StodRM %^Stress1to2 %^VowsLI1 %^VowsSh1 %^VV2V %^VowsRM ;

• DummyNoPen = %^DePal %^CC2C %^ConsSh %^ConsL %^VOWLower %^PalatalizeLeft %^VV2V %^U2ZERO %^VOWRaise %^ConsRM %^StodRM %^Stress1to2 %^VowsLI1 %^VowsSh1 %^VV2V %^VowsRM ;

Rule section

Vowel rules

Shortening in first syllable

Rule: ǟ:ä in first syllable

• tǟutõ^PEN^VV2V

• täutõ00

• kǟnga%^VV2V%^A2ÕIn2 examples:*

• kängõ00 examples:*

Rule: ā:a in first syllable

• āļdža%^VV2V%^A2ÕIn2 examples:*

• aļdžõ00 examples:*

• āita%^PenVV2V%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• ait000%>õ examples:*

Rule: ȱ:ȯ

• vȱntsa%^VV2V%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• vȯnts0000õ examples:*

Rule: ā:ī in second syllable plural

• rikkā%^ConsSh%^Vow2Iin2>di examples:*

• rik0ī000di examples:*

Rule: ū:ī in second syllable plural

• ruzū%^Vow2Iin2>di examples:*

• ruzī000di examples:*

Rule: ǭ:a in first syllable

Rule: ē:e in first syllable rēnaz+N+Sg+Gen:

• rēinaz^Pen^VV2V^VowsRM^ConsRM>õ
• rein000000>õ

Rule: ū:u in first syllable

• jūo^VV2V>i
• juo0>i

Rule: ū:ȯ in first syllable

• pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL examples:*

• pȯ0llõ00 examples:*

• pūoga%^VV2V%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• pȯig00000õ examples:*

Rule: ī:i in first syllable

• tīer0a%^VV2V%^A2ÕIn2 examples:*

• tierrõ00 examples:*

Rule: ȭ:õ in first syllable

• mȭuka%^VV2V%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• mõuk0000õ examples:*

Rule: ō:o in first syllable rōda+N+Pl+Par

• rōuda^VV2V^PalatalizeLeft^VowsRM>i
• rouḑ0000>i

lengthen vowels

Rule: e:ē in first syllable

• leiba%^VowsLI1%>st examples:*

• lē0ba00st examples:*

• tei%^VowsLI1%>ḑi examples:*

• tē000ḑi examples:*

Rule: u:ū in first syllable

• ul%^VowsLI1>õd examples:*

• ūl00õd examples:*

Rule: ȯ:ū in first syllable

Rule: ä:ǟ in first syllable

VOWEL LENGTHENING

Rule: a:ǭ in first syllable

• tam%^VowsL1aToǭõd examples:*

• tǭm0õd examples:*

Rule: a:ā in first syllable

• kand%^VowsLI1õd examples:*

• kāndõd examples:*

Rule: o:ō in first syllable

• ouki%^VowsLI1z examples:*

• ō0ki0z examples:*

LOWER VOWELS Rule: ī:ē in tīe 15

• tīʼe%^VOWLower%^StodRM%^VowsRM%>šti examples:*

• tē000000šti examples:*
• kīel^ĪE2Ē^PalatalizeLeft
• kē0ļ00

Destressing in second syllable **Rule: ā:õ **

• käp0ā%^ConsL%^LongV2Õin2 examples:*

• käppõ00 examples:*
• rik0āz%^Stress2to1%^ConsRM
• rikkõ000

**Rule: a:õ **

• tīer0a%^VV2V%^A2ÕIn2 examples:*

• tierrõ00 examples:*

**Rule: ū:õ **

Rule: õ:i

• ǭʼrõn%^Õ2I%^PalatalizeLeft examples:*

• ǭʼriņ00 examples:*

• nȭŗkõz%^Õ2I%>ist examples:*

• nȭŗkiz00ist examples:*

VOWEL LOSS

Rule: ā:0

• aʼmmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ži examples:*

• äʼm000000ži examples:*

• aʼmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:*

• ä0m00000ḑi examples:*

• daʼdzā%^Stress1to2%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• daʼdz0000õ examples:*

• maʼigāz%^StodRM%^VowsRM%^ConsRM>īst examples:*

• ma0ig000000īst examples:*

Rule: ō:0

Rule: ū:0

Rule: ī:0

• sīe%>i examples:*

• s0e0i examples:*

Rule: a:0 rēnaz+N+Sg+Gen:

• rēinaz^Pen^VV2V^VowsRM^ConsRM>õ
• rein000000>õ

rōda+N+Pl+Par

• rōuda^VV2V^PalatalizeLeft^VowsRM>i
• rouḑ0000>i
• jǭrra^VV2V^VowsRM>õ

• jarr000>õ

• pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL%^VowsRMõ examples:*

• pȯ0ll0000õ examples:*

• kǟnga%^VV2V%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:*

• keņg0000i examples:*

Rule: e:0

• tīʼe%^VOWLower%^StodRM%^VowsRM%>šti
• tē000000šti kēļ+N+Sg+Nom
• kīel^ĪE2Ē^PalatalizeLeft
• kē0l00

Rule: {õØ}:0

Rule: õ:0

• kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:*

• kit00000tõd examples:*

Rule: i:0 in first syllable

• leiba%^VowsLI1%>st examples:*

• lē0ba00st examples:* līti+A+Der/Comp+Sg+Nom
• līti^UltRmVow>õm

• līt00>õm

• tei%^VowsLI1%>ḑi examples:*

• tē000ḑi examples:*

• lǭija%^ConsSh examples:*

• lǭ0ja0 examples:*

• liestā%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>i examples:*

• l0ešt00000i examples:*

• ūiska%^ConsSh examples:*

• ū0ška0 examples:*

Rule: u:0 in second position of first-syllable diphthong

• tǟutõ^PEN^U2ZERO^VowsRM>a>m

• tǟ0t0000>a>m

• ouki%^VowsLI1z examples:*

• ō0ki0z examples:*

• pǟuva%^ConsSh examples:*

• pǟ0va0 examples:* lum+N+Sg+Par: snow/lumi
• luʼm^Pen^VowsRM^StodRM^ConsRMūn
• l0000000ūn

Rule: o:0 in second position of first-syllable diphthong

* pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL examples:*

* pȯ0llõ00 examples:*

Zero to vowel

Rule: 0:õ in vowel metathesis

Consonant rules

Consonant loss

Rule: shorten consonantism between 1st and 2nd vowel center jeʼllõ:jelāb

• aʼmmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ži examples:*

• äʼm000000ži examples:*

Rule: g:0

Rule: l:0

Rule: m:0

Rule: z:0 rēnaz+N+Sg+Gen:

• rēinaz^Pen^VV2V^VowsRM^ConsRM>õ
• rein000000>õ
• rik0āz%^Stress2to1%^ConsRM

Consonant lengthening

Lengthening consonantism between first and second vowel center simultaneous to reducing vowel of second syllable

Rule: %{XC%}:Cx

%{XC%}:p 2014-02-27

• kep%{XC%}>õ examples:*

• kepp0õ examples:*

%{XC%}:s 2020-10-21 tas+N+Sg+Ill

• tas{XC}>õ
• tass>õ

%{XC%}:ž 2014-02-27

• veʼd%^D2Ž%{XC%}>i examples:*

• veʼž0ž0i examples:*

%{XC%}:k 2014-02-27

• rok%{XC%}>õ examples:*

• rokk0õ examples:*

Rule: Stod removal left

• daʼdzā%^Stress1to2%^VowsRM%>õ examples:*

• daʼdz0000õ examples:* aʼb#sõʼnā+N+Sg+Nom:
• aʼb#sõʼn%^StodRMā

• aʼb#sõ0n0ā

• ka0l0ā%^Stress2to1 examples:*

• kaʼllõ0 examples:*

Rule: z:ž

• alīz%^PalatalizeLeft%>i examples:*

• alīž00i examples:*

• izā%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:*

• iž0000ḑi examples:*

Rule: d:ḑ lēʼḑ:līʼed 147 rōda+N+Pl+Par

• rōuda^VV2V^PalatalizeLeft^VowsRM>i
• rouḑ0000>i

Rule: ļ:l

Rule: l:ļ This rule should not require the %^ConsRM:0 trigger, but for now this makes it work. kēļ:kēl 215

• äʼddõl%^PalatalizeLeft%>i examples:*

• äʼddiļ00i examples:*

• tuʼl%^StodRM%^PalatalizeLeft%>īž examples:*

• tu0ļ000īž examples:*

Rule: n:ņ palatalization

• Vē0na%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMõ examples:*

• Vein000õ examples:*

• ǭʼrõn%^PalatalizeLeft examples:*

• ǭʼriņ0 examples:*

• vȱntsa%^VV2V%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>ti examples:*

• vȯņtš00000ti examples:* sēņ:sēn 220

• kǟnga%^VV2V%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:*

• keņg0000i examples:*

Rule: r:ŗ jūŗ:jūr 221

• ǟrga^VV2V^VOWRaise^PalatalizeLeft^VowsRMi examples:*

• eŗg0000i examples:*

Rule: d:t

• kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:*

• kit00000tõd examples:* nominative plural

• v0eʼd%^PreI%^StodRM%^D2T examples:*

• vie0t examples:*

Rule: d:ț

Rule: d:ž

Rules for consonant loss

Rule: d:0 Vow: (ʼ:) (Cns:+) _ (%^Pen: %^VowsRM:|%^VOWRaise:) (%^PreI: %^StodRM:|%^VowsLI1:|%^StodRM:) [%^D2ZERO:0|%^ConsRM:] ;

P loss before subsequent morpheme with underlying

T loss before subsequent morpheme with underlying initial d

• kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:*

• kit00000tõd examples:*

Rule: k:0

• rikkā%^ConsSh%^Vow2Iin2di examples:*

• rik0ī00di examples:*

Rule: š:0

Rule: ț:0

Rule: s:š palatalization

• liestā%^VV2V%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>i examples:*

• l0ešt00000i examples:*

• pȯ0is%^VowsLI1õd examples:*

• pūo0š0õd examples:*

Rule: ǟ:ē palatalization

Rule: ǟ:e short and palatalization

• kǟnga^VV2V^VOWRaise^VowsRMi
• keņg0000i
• nǟʼ^VV2V^VOWRaise^StodRM>i>z
• ne000>i>z

Rule: ä:e short and palatalization

Rule: ǭ:ä palatalization

Rule: a:ä palatalization

• aʼmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:*

• äʼm00000ḑi examples:*

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc