Veps language model documentation

All doc-comment documentation in one large file.

src-cg3-dependency.cg3.md

C O M M O N S Á M I D E P E N D E N C Y G R A M M A R

This dep file is for sma, sme, smj, sje.

DELIMITERS

Sentence delimiters are the following: <.> <!> <?> <…> <¶>

TAGS AND SETS

N V A Adv CC CS Inf Sup Neg Num Po Pr

Pcle Prop

Pron IV TV COMMA DASH CITATION to keep colouring we add a “ HYPHEN QMARK PUNCT LEFT RIGHT CLB Ind Pot Impr ImprtII Cond ConNeg Caus causative eus VGen Interj ABBR ACR Prs Prt Cmpnd RCmpnd PrfPrc PrsPrc Actor Actio Ger Indef Nom Acc Ill Com Gen Ess

IM For fao

POS sub-categories

Syntactic tags and sets

Syntactic tags in input to this file

Syntactic tags added in this file

@FMV : finite main verb
oaidná: Son oaidná ollislaš gova. - She sees the whole picture
infinite main verb
@FAUX : finite auxiliary verb
ferte: Son ferte oaidnit ollislaš gova. - She must see the whole picture.
@FMVdic : finite main verb introducing direct speech
@IMVdic : infinite main verb introducing direct speech
@FS-IMV : infinite main verb of subclause
@FS-IAUX : infinite auxiliary verb in subclause
@FS-N<IAUX : infinite auxiliary verb of a relative subclause
@FS-N<IMV : infinite main verb of a relative subclause
@FS-OBJ : finite verb in subclause functioning as object
@FS-OBJ> : finite verb in subclause functioning as object
@FS-<OBJ : finite verb in subclause functioning as object
@FS-SUBJ : finite verb in subclause functioning as subject
@FS-SUBJ> : finite verb in subclause functioning as subject
@FS-<SUBJ : finite verb in subclause functioning as subject
@FS-ADVL> : finite verb in subclause functioning as adverbial to the left of the main clause
@FS-<ADVL : finite verb in subclause functioning as adverbial to the right of the main clause
@S< : a clause modifying a sentence to the right of it
@FS-ADVL : finite verb in subclause …
@-FS-<ADVL : infinite subclause - eus
@-FS-ADVL> : infinite subclause - eus
@FS-N< : relative clause to N
@FS->N : relative clause to N to the left side of it - eus
@FS-VFIN< : finite verb in sentence, statement
eai: Idja ii leat šat, eai ge sii dárbbaš lámppá dahje beaivváža čuovgga, dasgo Hearrá Ipmil lea sin čuovga. - The night is not anymore, they do not need the lamp- or day- light either, because God the Lord is their light.
@FS-<APP : finite subclause functioning as an apposition
@ICL-ADVL : non-finite subclause …
@ICL-AUX< : “right” argument of auxiliary (?)
@ICL-OBJ : infinitival clause object
@ICL-SUBJ : infinitival clause subject
@ICL-P< : infinitival clause complement of preprosition
@IAUX : non-finite auxiliary
: main verb. A temporarily tag omitted in the end of the file.
: auxilary verb. A temporarily tag omitted in the end of the file.

fao syntags

kal syntags

@INS :
@<INS :
@INS> :

eus syntags

@FS-SPRED : finite verb in subclause functioning as a subject predicate - eus, but not sure if in use

Syntactic set definitions

Dep grammar

Correction rules

muitalit
XX
XX
XX
faoSumId=Rel

The finite verb

Mapping rules

lgRemove removes the language tags , , etc, before proceeding to the dep file.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/dependency.cg3

src-cg3-disambiguator.cg3.md

Disambiguator for Veps

Sets

Sentence delimiters are the following: “<.>” “<…>” “<!>” “<?>” “<¶>”

Part-of-Speech

N = noun
A = adjective
Num = numeral
V = verb
Adv = adverb
Pcle = particle
Pr = preposition
Po = postposition
Pron = pronoun
Interj = interjection

Numerus

Sg = Singular
Pl = Plural
Sg1 = Singular 1.p.
Sg2 = Singular 2.p.
Sg3 = Singular 3.p.
Pl1 = Plural 1.p.
Pl2 = Plural 2.p.
Pl3 = Plural 3.p.

Cases

Nom
Gen
Acc
Par
Ine
Ill
Ela
Ade
Abe
All
Abl
Ess
Tra
Ins
Com
SUBJ-CASE = Nom Par

Types

Prop = Proper noun
Interr = Interrogative
Dem = demonstrative pron
Rel = Relative pron Relpronpl “mikkä ja “jokka” Relpronsg “mikä” ja “joka” Interrpronpl “kuka” ja “mikä”
Pers = Personal pron
Indef = Indef pron
Inf = Infinitive
ConNeg = Conjugated as Negative form
PrfPrc = Perfectum Particip
Imprt = Imperative
Act = Active
Neg = Negation verb
COMMA = comma
Foc/kaan = focus clitic -kaan
Foc/kaan = focus clitic -kaan

Sets with more members

WORD = all PoS
NPMOD = these can modify a noun
NPMODADV = NPMOD plus adverb
NOT-NPMOD = these cannot modify a noun
NOT-NPMODADV = these cannot modify a noun, and is not adverb
QVANT-ADV = e.g. paljon, vähän
KUNKA = e.g. kunka missä (adverbs that start a sentence)

Boundaries

S-BOUNDARY = words that start a sentence

Verbs

SV-BOUNDARY = words that start a sentence and finite verb

Disambiguation rules

Dialects

Early rules

person_test selects finite verb if there is a Pron Pers to the left
adv_after_V selects adverb if there is a verb to the right
prop_infrontof_kieli removes propernoun in fron of kieli, if it kan be something else, e.g. Kainun kieli
PropInit removes propernoun in the beginning of a sentence if it kan be a CC or a Pr (e.g. Mutta)
PropNotInit selects propernoun if it is not in the beginning of a sentence

Possessive suffixes

Numeral phrases

Preposition/postposition/adverb rules

Prifgenpar selects preposition to the left of Gen or Par
Poifgenpar selects postposition to the right of Gen or Par
vasthaan

Rules for mapping @CVP and @CNP on the CC and CS

CVP maps @CVP to CS and mutta
CNPifN maps @CNP to CC between two N
CNPifInf maps @CNP to CC between two Inf

Case rules

Partitive

Genitive

Illative

Number rules

More disambiguation rules

SgNotPl

Elative

Propernouns

Verbs

Specific verbs

ei negation verb

eli

Adverbs

paljon

kerran

jälkhiin

Adjectives

Conjunctions

Subjunctions

että

jos

sillä

Pronouns

Verb rules, Verbs

Infinitive

Present Sg3

Present Pl3 or PrsPrc

Present Pl3 or Passive

Imperative

Past tense

Prt Pl3 or Prt Sg2

Negative verb

Relative pronouns

Pl3ollaifplrelpronandplinterrpron selects Pl3 if olla
Sg3ollaifplrelpronandplinterrpron selects Sg3 if olla
Sg3ollainpretandperf selects Sg3 if COPULAS
Sg3ollainpretandperf selects Sg3 if COPULAS
Relpronandnotintterpron selects Rel Sg if Interr
Relpronandnotintterpron selects Rel Sg if Interr
interrpron selects Interr if ? in the end
DifferenceBetweenNiitäImprtAndNiitäDemAndPersIfSubj selects Pron Dem Pl or Pron Pers Pl3 when finite verb to the right
paljonadvandnotpaljonoun selects Adv if paljon
Relpronifitsanounoracommabeforeit selects Rel Pl if N to the left
annaimperativeandnotannaname removes Prop if Anna se
tulinounfromtuliprtsg3 selects V Sg
dempronandnotpronpers selects Den if A of N to the right
Imperativefromconneg selects and removes ConNeg
ImperativeafterNeg removes Imprt if pronoun
interrel selects Interr of Rel if CS to the right
+FMAINV to the remaining finite verbs which are not AUX

HNOUN MAPPING

@<ADVLcoor (@<ADVL) for ADVLCASEAdv if @CNP to the left and ADVL to the left of it
X maps X everywhere
REMOVE X removes X whenever there is any other tag.
WORDLEMMA = regex giving the lemma in question
errorth removes Err/Orth if there is an analysis without Err/Orth with the same lemma

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/disambiguator.cg3

src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

Sets for POS sub-categories
Sets for Semantic tags
Sets for Morphosyntactic properties
Sets for verbs
V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should be the ones without an N tag following the V.
The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.
The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions
NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features
The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets

These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.

The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)

Miscellaneous sets
Border sets and their complements
Syntactic sets

These were the set types.

HABITIVE MAPPING

hab1
hab2
hab3 ( @ADVL>) for hab-actor and hab-case; if leat to the right, and Nom to the right of leat. Lots of restrictions.
habNomLeft
hab4
hab6
hab7
hab8 This is not HAB
hab5 This is not HAB
habDain ( @ADVL>) for (Pron Dem Pl Loc) if leat followed by Nom to the right
habGen ( @<ADVL) hab for Gen; if Gen is located in the end of the sentence and Nom is sentence initial
spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.
Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.
Hab>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween HAB and .
Nom>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween Nom and @<SUBJ.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and some kind of adverb, N Loc, time related word or Po to the left of it. OR: if Ill or @Pron< to the left, followed by copulas and the before mentioned to the left of copulas.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom, but not for Pers. To the left boahtit or heaŋgát as MAINV, and futher to the left is some kind of place related word, or time related word
<spredQst1 ( @<SUBJ) for Nom in a typically question sentence; if A) Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. B) same as a, only the Qst-pcle is attached to copulas. C) Qst to the left, with copulas to its left, but not if two Nom:s are found somewhere to the right. D) copulas to the left, and BOS to the left. E) Loc or Ill to the left, and Loc or Hab to the left of this, Qst and copulas to the left. F) Num @>N to the left, Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. NOTE) for all these rules; human, Loc or Sem/Plc not allowed to the right.
<spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.
Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas
<spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas
<spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive
leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.
<spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor
NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom
<spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom
<spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom
<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.
<spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess
spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.
HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.
GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial
spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)
r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.
AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas
SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas
Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right
spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.
subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)
subj>Du (@SUBJ>) for dual nominatives, including Coll Nom. VFIN + Du3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives
subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.
<subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.
<advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.
<advlPoPr (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the left.
advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.
advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.
advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.
comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.
advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.
<advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.
cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.
<opredAAcc (@<OPRED) for A Acc; if an other accusative to the left, and a transtive verb to the left of it. OR: if a transitive verb to the left, and an accusative to the left of it.

sma object

<advlEss (@<ADVL) for ESS-ADVL if; FMAINV to the left
<spredEss (@<SPRED) for N Ess if; FMAINV to the left is intransitive or bargat

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives.lexc.md

Adjective inflection

Temporary lexicon

Regolar lexica

LEXICON A_UZ1 = uz’:ud, goes to NMN_NORUZ
LEXICON A_RUSKED = goes to NMN_RUSKED

LEXICON A_MUNA muna:mun

LEXICON A_MOENAE möhä:möh

LEXICON A_KONDI = kondi:kondi
LEXICON A_KEZI = kezi:ked
LEXICON A_PU = pu:pu
LEXICON A_POIG = poig:poig
LEXICON A_MARJ = marj:marj
LEXICON A_JAUH = jauh:jauh
LEXICON A_OIGED = oiged:oig%{eØ%}d
LEXICON A_KEL1 = kel’:kel
LEXICON A_SAR1 = sar’:sar
LEXICON A_VIDENZ1 = videnz’:viden (-den, -t, -zid)
LEXICON A_LANDEH = landeh:land
LEXICON A_VEDEKAZ = vedekaz:vedeka
LEXICON A_SEIBAZ = seibaz:seib
LEXICON A_CIPUINE = cipuine:cipu
LEXICON A_TOSHTMINE = toštmine:toštmi
LEXICON A_KENGATOI = kengätoi:kengäto
LEXICON PRFPRC-DECLENSION = -nu

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-clitics.lexc.md

Veps clitics

K 3 clitics plus #

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/clitics.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns.lexc.md

Veps Noun inflection

Metrical feet
- Disyllables
  - pyrrhic, dibrach : kala
  - iamb : veneh
  - trochee, choree : sanha sana+N+Sg+Ill
  - spondee : landeh
- Trisyllables
  - tribrach
  - dactyl
  - amphibrach
  - anapaest, antidactylus : venehed
  - bacchius
  - antibacchius
  - cretic, amphimacer
  - molossus
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par

nominative singular in form and the other is identical to the genitive singular. This definition is dependent on the school and its use should be associated with the user group, perhaps.

Noun ‘berry / marja’ - full paradigm: Noun - marj examples:*
marj: marj+N+Sg+Nom
marjan: marj+N+Sg+Gen
marjad: marj+N+Sg+Par
marjaks: marj+N+Sg+Tra
marjata: marj+N+Sg+Abe
marjanke: marj+N+Sg+Com
marjas: marj+N+Sg+Ine
marjaspäi: marj+N+Sg+Ela
marjaha: marj+N+Sg+Ill
marjal: marj+N+Sg+Ade
marjalpäi: marj+N+Sg+Abl
marjale: marj+N+Sg+All
marjan: marj+N+Sg+EssInst
marjadme: marj+N+Sg+Prl
marjanno: marj+N+Sg+Apr1
marjannoks: marj+N+Sg+Apr2
marjannopäi: marj+N+Sg+Egr
marjahosai: marj+N+Sg+Ter1
marjalesai: marj+N+Sg+Ter2
marjassai: marj+N+Sg+Ter3
marjahopäi: marj+N+Sg+Add1
marjalepäi: marj+N+Sg+Add2
marjad: marj+N+Pl+Nom
[marjoid’en, marjoiden] (Eng. # checking needed: marj+N+Pl+Gen)
marjad: marj+N+Pl+Acc
marjoid: marj+N+Pl+Par
marjoikš: marj+N+Pl+Tra
marjoita: marj+N+Pl+Abe
marjoidenke: marj+N+Pl+Com
marjoiš: marj+N+Pl+Ine
marjoišpäi: marj+N+Pl+Ela
marjoihe: marj+N+Pl+Ill
marjoil: marj+N+Pl+Ade
marjoilpäi: marj+N+Pl+Abl
marjoile: marj+N+Pl+All
marjoin: marj+N+Pl+EssInst
marjoidme: marj+N+Pl+Prl
marjoidenno: marj+N+Pl+Apr1
marjoidennoks: marj+N+Pl+Apr2
marjoidennopäi: marj+N+Pl+Egr
marjoihesai: marj+N+Pl+Ter1
marjoilesai: marj+N+Pl+Ter2
marjoihepäi: marj+N+Pl+Add1
marjoilepäi: marj+N+Pl+Add2
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
leib: leib+N+Sg+Nom
leibän: leib+N+Sg+Gen
leibid: leib+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
lind: +N+Sg+Nom
lindun: +N+Sg+Gen
linduid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
heim: +N+Sg+Nom
heimon: +N+Sg+Gen
heimod: +N+Sg+Par
heimoho: +N+Sg+Ill
heimoid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
poig: poig+N+Sg+Nom
poigan: poig+N+Sg+Gen
poigid: poig+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
kund: kund+N+Sg+Nom
kundan: kund+N+Sg+Gen
kundha: kund+N+Sg+Ill
kundid: kund+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
uskond: uskond+N+Sg+Nom
uskondan: uskond+N+Sg+Gen
uskondaha: uskond+N+Sg+Ill
uskondid: uskond+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
mezʼ: mezʼ+N+Sg+Nom
mehen: mezʼ+N+Sg+Gen
mehid: mezʼ+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
čai: čai+N+Sg+Nom
čajun: čai+N+Sg+Gen

Plural

Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
ištim: +N+Sg+Nom
ištmen: +N+Sg+Gen
ištint: +N+Sg+Par
ištmid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
südäin: südäin+N+Sg+Nom
südäimen: südäin+N+Sg+Gen
südänt: südäin+N+Sg+Par
südäid: südäin+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
kacui: +N+Sg+Nom
kacujan: +N+Sg+Gen
kacujid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
oiged: +N+Sg+Nom
oiktan: +N+Sg+Gen
oiktoid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
ikun: ikun+N+Sg+Nom
iknan: ikun+N+Sg+Gen
iknoid: ikun+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
tütär: tütär+N+Sg+Nom
tütren: tütär+N+Sg+Gen
tütrid: tütär+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
samal: +N+Sg+Nom
samlon: +N+Sg+Gen
samloid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
papʼ: +N+Sg+Nom
papin: +N+Sg+Gen
papid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
apʼ: +N+Sg+Nom
apen: +N+Sg+Gen
apid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
vilʼlʼ: vilʼlʼ+N+Sg+Nom
villän: vilʼlʼ+N+Sg+Gen
villid: vilʼlʼ+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
golʼlʼ: golʼlʼ+N+Sg+Nom
golʼlʼan: golʼlʼ+N+Sg+Gen
gollid: golʼlʼ+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
grähk: grähk+N+Sg+Nom
grähkän: grähk+N+Sg+Gen
grähkid: grähk+N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
lapsʼ: +N+Sg+Nom
lapsen: +N+Sg+Gen
last: +N+Sg+Par
lapsed: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
noruzʼ: noruzʼ+N+Sg+Nom
noruden: noruzʼ+N+Sg+Gen
norut: noruzʼ+N+Sg+Par
noruzid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
velʼlʼ: +N+Sg+Nom
vellen: +N+Sg+Gen
vellid: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par
Noun ‘ / ‘ examples:*
: +N+Sg+Nom
n: +N+Sg+Gen
d: +N+Pl+Par

LEXICON N_NADO nado:nado

Noun ‘ wife’s sister-in-law/ ‘ examples:*
nado: nado+N+Sg+Nom
nadon: nado+N+Sg+Gen
nadod: nado+N+Sg+Par
nadoho: nado+N+Sg+Ill
nadoid: nado+N+Pl+Par

Nominals

SG-NOM-SUF ; rusked:

ACTUAL CASES

Start Plural

Possessor Indices

Not yet written…

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-numerals.lexc.md

VEPS numerals

Numeral inflection

Numeral inflection is like nominal, except that numerals compound in all forms which requires great amount of care in the inflection patterns.

LEXICON ARABICCOMPOUNDS ! 1-osainen
LEXICON ARABICCASES adds +Arab
LEXICON ARABICCASE adds +Arab
LEXICON ARABICCASE0 adds +Arab

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/numerals.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-pronouns.lexc.md

Pronouns

Veps pronouns …

PRONOUN-TYPES split in types: prs, interr, neg, dem.

PERS split in persons

PersSg1 split in Nom, Gen, Acc

PersSg2 split in Nom, Gen, Acc

PersSg3 split in Nom, Gen, Acc, Par and 10 other cases

PersPl1 split in Nom and obl

PersPl2 split in Nom and obl

PersPl3 split in Nom and obl

PERS-PL_01 add case suffix

INTERR add case suff

DEM-PRON split in Nom Gen par

NEG-PRON split in Nom Gen Par

«nene» occurs both as Det and Pron

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/pronouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-propernouns.lexc.md

Proper noun inflection

Veps proper nouns inflect in the same cases as regular nouns. Veps acronyms, however, take a hyphen (‘-‘) as a separator.

PROPER NOUNS

_0/an/ad/aha/oid

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/propernouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-quantifiers.lexc.md

quantifier affixes

LEXICON NUM_KAKS1

LEXICON NUM_YKS1

LEXICON NUM_UEHESA

LEXICON NUM_VIL1L1

LEXICON NUM_KOUME

LEXICON NUM_NORUZ1

LEXICON NUM_

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/quantifiers.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-symbols.lexc.md

Symbol affixes

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/symbols.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

Verb inflection in Vepsian

Lexica from the stems file

Irregular verbs

V_EI all forms of the ei verb

Regular verbs

largest verb group vedada:ved (even number of syllables in stem) V_ada/ab/i/agaha = vedada:ved preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

split from largest verb group vedada:ved (even number of syllables in stem) armahtagha odd number of syllables in stem V_ada/ab/i/agha = armahtada:armaht preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ata/ab/oi/akaha = ahjata:ahj refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg,

preterite stem vowel

V_da/vab/voi/gaha = kaida:kai refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg,

preterite stem vowel

V_da/ab/oi/gaha = nagrda:nagr refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

preterite stem vowel

V_ada/ab/oi/agaha = jagada:jag refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

preterite stem vowel

V_da/b/i/gaha = sanuda:sanu refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_da/b/i/gha = joda:jo refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ab/i/kaha = ülenzoitta:ülenzoit, čorskta:čorsk refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/dab/zhi/kaha = avaita:avai, avaidab avaiži preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/dab/zi/kaha = amunta:amun preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ata/tab/si/kaha = saubata:saub %^DEVOICE preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_eta/DVteb/DVsi/ekaha = langeta:lang %^DEVOICE , cf. saubata preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_ta/dab/zi/kaha = teta:te preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/dab/di/kaha = souta:sou preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_DVta/äb/i/DVkaha = sirtta:sird preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_DVta/ab/i/DVkaha = pörtta:pörd preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/cheb/chi/kaha adivoita:adivoi preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_ta/cheb/chi/kaha loita:loi preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_da/cheb/chi/kaha dominoida:dominoi preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_da/b/0/gaha adivoita:adivoi preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_da/eb/i/gaha = arvostelda:arvostel preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_eda/eb/i/egaha = arvostelda:arvostel preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ndab/nzi/kaha = henota:heno preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ndeb/nzi/kaha = virigata:viriga preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/neb/ni/kaha = harjeta:harje, pageta:page preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ata/neb/ni/akaha = hapata:hap preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_eta/neb/ni/ekaha = küpseta:küps preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ib/i/kaha = bruncta:brunc preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_da/ib/i/gaha = barabanda:baraban, hobda:hob preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ab/oi/kaha = kastta:kast preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/eb/i/kaha = joksta:joks preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_2Syl_DVta/eb/i/DVkaha = pagišta:pagiž preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_DVta/ub/i/DVkaha = seišta:seiž preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_DVta/eb/i/DVkaha = pesta:pez only for verbs with devoicing preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_DVta/eb/i/ggaha = pesta:pez only for verbs with devoicing preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_kta/gub/gui/ggaha = kirkta:kir preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_kta/gib/gi/ggaha = henkta:hen preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_pta/bub/bui/pkaha = kirkta:kir preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_elta/leb/li/elkaha = muštelta:mušt preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_??

V_1Syl_DVta/ab/oi/DVkaha = antta:and preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_TUNTTA = tuntta:tund preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_LAEHTTA = lähtta:lä singlet preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_1Syl_DVta/ub/ui/DVkaha = ampta:amb preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ub/ui/kaha = kacta:kac preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/ob/oi/kaha = uskta:usk preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_kta/gab/goi/ggaha = haikta:hai preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_kta/gab/gi/ggaha = haikta:hai preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_kta/geb/gi/ggaha = polkta:pol preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da %^DEVOICE

preterite stem vowel

V_äda/äb/i/ägaha = eläda:el preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg, NomAg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_ta/äb/i/kaha = heitta:heit, heitäb heiti preceding vowel always required for affix refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_OLDA (adding :ole to vowstem)

refl-ind-prs, act-imprt-sg2, act-ind-prs, ind-sg-conneg

sometimes requires preceding vowel

problems with tta, ta, da

preterite stem vowel

V_TEHTA = tehta:te (adding :ge to vowst and indprs3)

V_SIRTA = sirta:sir

V_JOKSTA = joksta:joks

V_LETA = leta:le

V_MAKSTA = maksta:maks

V_ASTTA = astta:ast

V_HUBETA = hubeta:hube

V_OTTA = otta:ot

V_ABIDOITTA = abidoitta:abidoi

V_OIGETA

V_TUGETA = tugeta:tuge

V_HOMAITA = homaita:homai

V_VALITA = valita:vali

Default lexicon

V_ default verb lexicon

The three contlex types ??2024-11-08

PNDPRS3

INDPRTSG1 for Sg1

INDPRTSG2 for Sg2

INDPRTSG3 for Sg3

INDPRTPL1 for Pl1

INDPRTPL2 for Pl2

INDPRTPL3 for Pl3

Vowel stems

V-VowelStem

V-VowelStem-PRS This lexicon gives all forms for formatives with obligatory onset vowel

Present Morphology

ACT_IND_PRSSG1 for Sg1

ACT_IND_PRSSG2 for Sg2

ACT_IND_PRSSG3 for Sg3

ACT_IND_PRSPL1 for Pl1

ACT_IND_PRSPL2 for Pl2

ACT_IND_PRSPL3 for Pl3

IMPERATIVE

present reflexive

Preterite

conditional present

Imperfect Reflexive

Conditional Present Reflexive

Consonant Stems

V-ConsonantStem V-ConsonantStem_OTHER ;

V-ConsonantStem_OTHER

Imperative

Conditional Imperfect

Reflexive

Imperative

V-ConsonantStem_d/g

V-ConsonantStem_d/k

V-ConsonantStem_t/k

V-ConsonantStem_t/g

V-ConsonantStem_t/gha

V-ConsonantStem_d/gha

this could be a reflexive infinitive if you want one, jaska 20241111

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-phonology.twolc.md

The Veps morphophonological/twolc rules file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Alphabet, sets, definitions

Alphabet

The letters

a b d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s š t u v z ž ü ä ö
A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Š T U V Z Ž Ü Ä Ö
š ž y
Š Ž Y
ʼ = U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
’ = U+0027 APOSTROPHE

Archiphonemes

%{eØ%}:e vowel loss in oiged:oiktan
%{uØ%}:u vowel loss in sapug:sapkan
%{iØ%}:i vowel loss in paltin:paltnan
%{aØ%}:a vowel loss in samal:samlan
%{oØ%}:o vowel loss in zerkol:zerklon
AÄ1:a Vowel harmony with “(t)a/ä”
AÄ1:ä Vowel harmony with “(t)a/ä”
AÄ1:0 Vowel harmony with 0
OÖ1:o
OÖ1:ö
UY1:u
UY1:ü
V1:a
V1:e
V1:i
V1:o
V1:u
V1:ü
V1:ä
V1:ö
V2:a
V2:e
V2:i
V2:o
V2:u
V2:ü
V2:ä
V2:ö
V3:a
V3:e
V3:i
V3:o
V3:u
V3:ü
V3:ä
V3:ö
V3:0
%^RmVow:0 for removing vowels
AO1:0
A1:0
D1:0
E1:0
EH1:0
EI1:0
I1:0
INE1:0
QAO1:0
QAO1:a
QAQ1:0
QEQ1:0
QÄQ1:0
U1:0
ZD1:0
ZD1:0
ZS1:0
ZS1:0
%^DEVOICE:0 vezi:vet; pen’:pen’t
%^PEN:0 Control final vs penultimate
K1:k
%^NoGrad:0 This will be placed after a stem to break Gradation
%^WGStem:0
%^TS:0
%^RVow:0
%- Hyphen in constructions
%>
Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds
Cx these are probably not needed
Cy
X
Y

Triggers

%^LVow:0
%^LCns:0
%^WCns:0
%^AtoO:0
%^ÄtoÖ:0
%^OddSyll:0
%^StretchSyll2:0
%^SyllBr:0
%^E1:0

sets

VowBack = a o u ;
VowFront = ä ö y ü ;
VowNeutral = e i ;
VowNonHigh = a o ä ö e ;
Vow = a o u ä ö y ü e i ;
Cns = b d f g h j k l m n p r s š t v z ž ;
CnsVoiceless = f h k p s š t ;
Letters = Vow Cns ;

Definitions

Front Trigger

Back Trigger

Short vowel

Inessive lengthening of vowel

Right context for gradation

Rules

Vowel change

RULE: StemVowLoss before i = StemVowLoss before i

oiged^PEN^DEVOICE^RmVow^DEVOICEa>n
oik0t0000a>n

RULE: Stem-internal vowel loss = Stem-internal vowel loss

RULE: QAO1 Sg Rule =

RULE: QAO1 Pl Rule =

nado>hV1
nado>ho
marja>hV1
marja>ha

vowel loss vauged: vauktan

Consonant change

devoicing of adjecent stops vauged: vauktan oiged+A+Sg+Gen: right/oikea

oiged^PEN^DEVOICE^RmVow^DEVOICEa>n
oik0t0000a>n

devoice fricatives z:s pesta+V+Inf: wash/pestä

pez^DEVOICE>ta
pes0>ta

d:z in vodes, voziš

’:0 before front vowels

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc

src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md

Multichar_Symbols and Root lexicon for Veps

Miscellaneuos tags

Thes are to be evaluated (are they in use?) TODO: Have a look at these:

+Arab
+CLBfinal
+Cmp
+CmpNP/First
+CmpNP/None
+Cmp/SplitR
+Cmp/Hyph
+Coll
+Com
+Err/Hyph
+Err/Lex
+Err/SpaceCmp
+Err/MissingSpace
+MWE
+OLang/ENG
+OLang/FIN
+OLang/NNO
+OLang/NOB
+OLang/RUS
+OLang/SMA
+OLang/SME
+OLang/SWE
+OLang/UND
+Prf
+PrfPrs
+Rom
+Use/-PMatch
+Use/Circ
+Use/NG
+Use/PMatch
+Use/SpellNoSugg
+Use/TTS – only retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
+Use/-TTS – never retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
+Hom1
+Hom2
+Hom3
+v1
+v2
+v3
+v4
@C.ErrOrth@
@D.ErrOrth.ON@
@P.ErrOrth.ON@
@R.ErrOrth.ON@
@P.Pmatch.Backtrack@

Grammatical tags

The morphological analyses of wordforms of Veps are presented in this system in terms of the following symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags).

The parts-of-speech

+A = adjective
+Adp = adposition
+Adv = adverb
+CS = subordinating conjunction
+CC = coordinating conjunction
+Det = determiner
+Interj = interjection
+N = noun
+Num = numeral
+Pcle = particle
+Pr = preposition
+Po = postposition
+Pron = pronoun
+Qnt = quantifier
+V = verb

Subtags

Noun subtags

+Prop = proper

Pronoun tags

+Dem = demonstrative
+Indef = indefinite
+Interr = interrogative
+Pers = personal
+Recipr = reciprocal
+Refl = reflexive
+Rel = relative

Verb tags

Voice and transitivity

+Aux = auxiliary verb
+Act = active voice
+Pss = passive voice
+TV = transitive and
+IV = intransitive verbs

Verb moods are:

+Cond = conditional
+Ind = indicative
+Imprt = imperative
+Pot = potential linne-

Tenses

+Prs =
+Prt =
+Pos =

Verb personal forms are:

+Sg1 Singular First Person
+Sg2 Singular Second Person
+Sg3 Singular Third Person
+Pl1 Plural First Person
+Pl2 Plural Second Person
+Pl3 Plural Third Person
+RcSg1
+RcSg2
+RcSg3
+RcPl1
+RcPl2
+RcPl3 =
+RcSg
+RcPl
+ScSg
+ScPl =

Other verb forms are

+Inf
+Ger
+Neg =
+ConNeg
+ConNegII =
+ImprtII =
+PrsPrc
+PrfPrc = nu
+Sup
+VGen
+VAbess =

Possessive suffixes:

+PxSg1 = -in
+PxSg2 = -iž
+PxSg3 = -ze
+PxPl1 = -moi
+PxPl2 = -toi
+PxPl3 = -ze

Comparative tags:

+Comp =
+Superl =

Subtags for Numerals:

+Attr =
+Card =
+Ord =

ADVERBS

+Manner =
+Spat =
+Temp =

Abbreviated words are classified with:

+ABBR
+ACR =

Special symbols are classified with:

+CLB
+PUNCT
+LEFT
+RIGHT =

Special multiword units are analysed with:

+Multi =

Guess tag, used to catch new wores

+Guess =

Question and Focus particles:

+Qst
+Foc =
+Clt =
+Foc/i = perhaps +Addative
+Foc/ki =
+Foc/žo =
+Appr =
+Advc =
+Ter =
+Pro =
+Car =
+PstI =
+PstII =

Usage tags:

+Err/Orth =
+Err/Orth-no-pal = palatalization mark missing
+Use/-Spell =
+Cmp/SgNom = compound words

Semtags

+Sem/Mal
+Sem/Fem
+Sem/Sur =
+Sem/Plc =
+Sem/Org =
+Sem/Obj =
+Sem/Ani =
+Sem/Hum =
+Sem/Plant =
+Sem/Group =
+Sem/Time =
+Sem/Txt =
+Sem/Route =
+Sem/Measr =
+Sem/Wthr =
+Sem/Build =
+Sem/Edu =
+Sem/Veh =
+Sem/Clth =

More semtags

+Sem/Amount
+Sem/Build-room
+Sem/Cat
+Sem/Curr
+Sem/Date
+Sem/Domain
+Sem/Domain_Hum
+Sem/Dummytag
+Sem/Edu_Hum
+Sem/Event
+Sem/Food-med
+Sem/Group_Hum
+Sem/ID
+Sem/Lang
+Sem/Mat
+Sem/Money
+Sem/Obj-el
+Sem/Obj-ling
+Sem/Org_Prod-audio
+Sem/Org_Prod-vis
+Sem/Part
+Sem/Prod-vis
+Sem/Rule
+Sem/Sign
+Sem/State
+Sem/State-sick
+Sem/Substnc
+Sem/Time-clock
+Sem/Tool-it
+Sem/Year

Derivations

Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.

+V→N
+V→V
+V→A =
+Der =
+Der/NomAg = tehta : tegii
+Der/Uz1 = sur»uz’ A»N
+Der/Ta =
+Der/Te =
+Der/ma =
+Der/Tu =
+Der/IA =
+Der/Toi = nime»toi N»A
+Der/Matoi = V»A
+Der/Mine = V»N
+Der/V = V»V

Morphophonology

To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files:

Archiphonemes and fluctuation symbols

%{eØ%} vowel loss in oiged:oiktan
%{uØ%} vowel loss in sapug:sapkan
%{iØ%} vowel loss in paltin:paltnan
%{aØ%} vowel loss in samal:samlan
%{oØ%} vowel loss in zerkol:zerklon
{aä}
{oö}
{uü}

More archiphonemes (Protoletters for xfst)

%^DEVOICE = haikta: haig
%^PEN Control final vs penultimate
QAQ1
QAO1
QÄQ1
EH1
QEQ1
INE1
ZD1
ZS1
V1
AO1
A1
EI1
ZS1
ZD1 These are for developing underlying morphology rules
D1
E1
U1
I1
AÄ1
OÖ1
UY1
V1
V2
V3

And following triggers to control variation

{front} front vowel stems
{back} back vowel stems
%^RmVow for removing vowels
%^WGStem
%^TS
%^RVow
%^LVow
%^LCns
%^WCns
%^AtoO
%^ÄtoÖ
%^OddSyll
%^StretchSyll2
%^SyllBr
%^E1

Boundary symbols

%> =
%- =

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:

Flag	Explanation
@P.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@D.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@C.NeedNoun@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm.

Flag	Explanation
@P.CmpFrst.FALSE@	Require that words tagged as such only appear first
@D.CmpPref.TRUE@	Block such words from entering ENDLEX
@P.CmpPref.FALSE@	Block these words from making further compounds
@D.CmpLast.TRUE@	Block such words from entering R
@D.CmpNone.TRUE@	Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.FALSE@	Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
@P.CmpOnly.TRUE@	Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@	Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags.

Flag	Explanation
@U.Cap.Obl@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@U.Cap.Opt@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

Flag diacritic	Explanation
@U.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;

@P.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.ten@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;

Lexc lexica

Root lexicon

The word forms in Veps start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes.

Other lexica

CC_

CS_

INTERJ_

ADV_

ADV_MANNER

ADV_ADE ADV_ABL ADV_ALL ADV_ELA ADV_ILL ADV_INE ADV_LAT ADV_SPAT

ADV_TEMP

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-abbreviations.lexc.md

Veps abbreviations

Original file

Lexica for adding tags and periods

Splitting in 3 groups, because of the preprocessor

LEXICON Abbreviation

Now splitting according to POS, and according to dot or not

LEXICON ab

LEXICON ab-noun

Here come POS and Case tags, and no period.

LEXICON ab-nodot-noun The bulk

LEXICON ab-nodot

LEXICON ab-dot

LEXICON ab-dot-noun

The idea is that the nominal ones may have case, like e.g. P.E.N.

The abbreviation lexicon itself

LEXICON noperiod

Intransitive abbreviations

LEXICON ITRAB

LEXICON TRNUMAB

Transitive abbreviations !

LEXICON TRAB

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/abbreviations.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-acronyms.lexc.md

Acronyms

Original file

Veps acronyms …

LEXICON Acronym

LEXICON acr2-cyr

LEXICON acr3-cyr

LEXICON acr4-cyr

LEXICON acr5-cyr

LEXICON acr3-lat

LEXICON acr4-lat

LEXICON acr5-lat

LEXICON acros

LEXICON acrotag

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/acronyms.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-adjectives_newwords.lexc.md

New adjectives for Veps

Original file

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to the xml source files. kala:kala A_ “(eng) fish/(fin) kala|fisu/(rus) рыба” ;

LEXICON A_NEWWORDS

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives_newwords.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-exceptions.lexc.md

Exceptions are quite strange word-forms. the ones that do not fit anywhere else. This file contains all enumerated word forms that cannot reasonably be created from lexical data by regular inflection. Usually there should be next to none exceptions, it’s always better to have a paradigm that covers only one or few words than an exception since these will not work nicely with e.g. compounding scheme or possibly many end applications.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/exceptions.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-nouns_newwords.lexc.md

Newwords (nouns)

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to the xml source files. kala:kala N_ “(eng) fish/(fin) kala|fisu/(rus) рыба” ;

**LEXICON N_NEWWORDS

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns_newwords.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-numerals.lexc.md

Veps numerals

Numerals have been split in three sections, the compounding parts of cardinals and ordinals, and the non-compounding ones:

Numeral examples:*
kaksikymmentäkolmetuhatta: kaksi+Num+Sg+Nom#kymmenen+Num+Sg+Par#kolme+Num+Sg+Nom#tuhat+Num+Sg+Par (Eng. ! 23,000)
kakskymmentäkolmetuhatta: kaksi+Num+Sg+Nom#kymmenen+Num+Sg+Par#kolme+Num+Sg+Nom#tuhat+Num+Sg+Par
kahđessađasneljes: kahđes+A+Ord+Sg+Nom#sađas+A+Ord+Sg+Nom#neljes+A+Ord+Sg+Nom (Eng. ! 204rd)
viitisenkymmentä: viitisen+Num#kymmentä (Eng. ! 50-ish)

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-pronouns.lexc.md

Pronouns

LEXICON pronouns = contains the 6 personal

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/pronouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-propernouns.lexc.md

LEXICON propernouns =

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/propernouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-propernouns_newwords.lexc.md

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to the Verdd source files. kala:kala N_ “(eng) fish/(fin) kala|fisu/(rus) рыба” ;

LEXICON PROP_NEWWORDS = ADD NOUNS BELOW

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/propernouns_newwords.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-verbs_newwords.lexc.md

Veps verbs (newwords)

Original file

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to the xml source files. avaita:avai V_ “” ;

RULE: V_NEWWORDS =

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs_newwords.lexc

src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md

retroflex plosive, voiceless t ʈ 0288, 648 ( = ASCII 096) retroflex plosive, voiced dɖ 0256, 598 labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625 retroflex nasal n ɳ 0273, 627 palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626 velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331 uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628

bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665 uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640 alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638 retroflex flap rɽ 027D, 637 bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632 bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946 dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952 dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240 postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643 postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658 retroflex fricative, voiceless s ʂ 0282, 642 retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656 palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231 palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669 velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611 uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967 uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641 pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295 pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661 glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614

alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\

labiodental approximant P (or v) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r` velar approximant M\

retroflex lateral approximant l` palatal lateral approximant L velar lateral approximant L
Clicks

bilabial O\ (O = capital letter) dental |
(post)alveolar !\ palatoalveolar =\ alveolar lateral ||
Ejectives, implosives

ejective > e.g. ejective p p> implosive < e.g. implosive b b< Vowels

close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U

close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7

schwa ə @

open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O

ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6

open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols

voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\

alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals

primary stress “ secondary stress % long : half-long :\ extra-short _X linking mark -
Tones and word accents

level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex)

contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L

contour, rising-falling _R_F (NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.) global rise global fall Diacritics

voiceless 0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _” syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity `

breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ‘ (or _j) e.g. t’ (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\

dental d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _}

velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md

We describe here how abbreviations are in Veps are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems.

For example:

s.:syntynyt # ;
os.:omaa% sukua # ;
v.:vuosi # ;
v.:vuonna # ;
esim.:esimerkki # ;
esim.:esimerkiksi # ;

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc

tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md

[ L A N G U A G E ] G R A M M A R C H E C K E R