Dependency tree

Se also seperate pages on compound, semantic, syntactic and morphological tags.

By means of the dependency parser found in the file dependency.cg3 the CG output is turned into dependency trees. The root, which does not have a head to depend on, is marked by the number 0. The element that depends on the head is marked by an arrow pointing at 0 (“->0”). Each token gets a number (#) and the a dependency link specifying a target head (->). The second word in the sentence for example receives the number 2. If it is a dependent of the root, it gets the tag (“#2->0”). The CG verb tags are substitued with other tags. Here is an example taken from North Saami, Muitaleastte fal munnje goas doavttir sáhttá boahtit (“Now, tell me when the doctor will be able to come”):

"<Muitaleastte>"
    "muitalit" V* TV Der2 Der/easti <mv> V Imprt Sg2 @FMV #1->0 
"<fal>"
    "fal" Adv @<ADVL #2->1 
"<munnje>"
    "mun" Pron Pers Sg1 Ill @<ADVL #3->1 
"<goas>"
    "goas" Adv @ADVL> #4->7 
"<doavttir>"
    "doavttir" N Sg Nom @SUBJ> #5->6 
"<sáhttá>"
    "sáhttit" <aux> V IV Ind Prs Sg3 @FS-STA #6->1 
"<boahtit>"
    "boahtit" <mv> V IV Inf @FS-IMV #7->6 
"<.>"
    "." CLB #8->8 

 
    Muitaleastte
     /    \     \     
   fal  munnje   \
                sáhttá
                /   \
        doavttir    boahtit.
                        \
                        goas     

Our dependency structure is based upon a compromise between the Saami grammatical tradition and the conventions used within the visl project.

Verb tags

The Saami disambiguation file disambiguator.cg3 adds dependency tags to each cohort. The CG verb tags are substituted with these tags:

• <mv> <aux>

There are main verbs and auxiliary verbs.

• @FMV @FAUX @IMV @IAUX

In main clauses: Finite main verb and auxiliary verb, and infinite main verb and auxiliary verb.

• @FS-STA @FS-N<

@FS is a finite verb in a subclause. The first one in a subclause which functions as a statement, the latter one in a relative subclause.

• @FS-IMV @FS-IAUX @FS-N<IMV @FS-N<IAUX

These are infinite main verbs and auxiliary verbs in an ordinary subclause and in a relative subclause.

• <ctjHead>

This tag helps in coordination contexts.

Dependency tags alphabetically

Dependency tags look different from syntactic grammar tags.

• @>A:
  Modifier of an adjective to the left.
  • nu (Adv):
    Gulahallan Sámedikkiin dán gažaldagas šaddá *nu konkrehtalažžan go vejolaš. - ‘The discussion in the Saami Parliament about this issue gets as concrete as possible.’*
• @A<:
  Modifier of an adjective to the right.
  • :
• @>Adv:
  Modifier of an adverb.
  • :
• @Adv<:
  Complement of an adverb.
  • :
• @ADVL:
  Sentence adverbial.
  • dál (Adv):
    *Dál lea Bireha vuorru. - ‘It is Biret’s turn now.’*
• @>ADVL:
  Modifier of an adverbial.
  • Man (Pron):
    *Man dávjá don lávet fitnat doppe? - ‘How often do you usually go there?’*
• @<ADVL:
  adverbial to the right of the finite verb
  • beaivvážis (N):
    Gávpot ii dárbbaš čuovgga *beaivvážis ii ge mánus. - ‘The city does not need light from the sun and not the from the moon either.*
• @ADVL<:
  Complement of an adverbial.
  • vahkus (N):
    Mun málestan guktii *vahkus. - ‘I make food twice a week.’*
• @ADVL>:
  Adverbial to the left of the finite verb.
  • lasttain (N):
    Ja muora *lasttain ožžot álbmogat dearvvašvuođa. - ‘And from the tree’s leaves, the people get health.’*
• @ADVL>CS:
  adverbial modifying a conjunction
  • dallah (Adv):
    *Dallah goh Jeesuse tjaetseste tjuedtjele, dellie vuajna Elmie rihpesåvva jih Voejkene altasasse goh ledtie suaja. - ‘Right after Jesus stood up from the water, he sees that heaven opens and the holy spirit flies to him like a bird.’
    (sma)*
  • dan dihte (Adv):
    Muhto go lassánedje olbmot, de bohte čáhppesbivttasolbmot fas dohko, gosa ledje sámit vuohččan ballán, ja dahke orohagaid jur dasa gos sámit ledje orrume, *dan dihte go sii oidne, ahte das leai čáppa gieddi, maid ledje bohccot dutken, gožžan ja baikán — gos ledje sámit orron mánga olmmošbuolvva.*
• @ADVL<OBJ:
  • :
• @ADVL>SUBJ:
  • :
• @AGENS>:
  kal
  • atorfilittanit:
    Attartortumiit piginnittumut aaqqissuussineq namminersornerusuni atorfilittanit politikerinillu nuimasunit isertortumik atornerlunneqarsimammat illoqarfinni anginerni pingasuni attartortut nalinginnaasut pillarneqartussanngorput.
• @APP-ADVL<:
  Apposition to an adverbial to the left. If the apposition consists of more than one word, the head will get this tag.
  • ovdal (Pr):
    Dolin, *ovdal soađi, olbmot lávejedje vuovdit joŋaid. - ‘In old times, before the war, people used to sell cowberries.’*
• @APP-N<:
  Apposition to a noun to the left of it. If the apposition is more than one constituent, the head will get this tag.
  • eatnigiela (N):
    Viimmat mun ohppen čállit sámegiela, mu *eatnigiela. - ‘Finally, I learned to write in Sámi, my mother tongue.’*
• @APP-Num<:
  Apposition to a numeral to the left.
  • suinniid (N):
    Juohke heasta borrá sullii 6 kilu *suinniid beaivái. - ‘Every horse eats approximately 6 kilograms of grass a day.’*
• @APP>Pron:
  Apposition to a pronoun to the right. If the apposition is more than one constituent, the head will get this tag.
  • Turner (N Prop):
    Muhto diet Will *Turner, son nai lea fiinna olmmái. - ‘But this Will Turner, he is also a nice guy.’*
• @APP-Pron<:
  Apposition to a pronoun to the left. If the apposition is more than one constituent, the head will get this tag.
  • olbmái (N):
    Dan mun muitalan dušše dutnje, mu buoremus *olbmái. - ‘This I tell only you, my best friend.’*
• @>CC:
  modifier of CC
  • sihke (CC):
• @>CC:
  modifier of CC
  • sihke (CC):
• @CL-ADVL>:
  • :
• @CL-<ADVL:
  • :
• @CMPND:
  First part of a compound followed by a hyphen
  • skaehtie-:
    Reerenasse galka båetije stoerredigkieboelhkesne jåerhkedh dam *skaehtie- jïh åasadaltesem mij lea daelie, jïh daennie daltesisnie hov lea nuepie buerebe joekedimmiem darjodh.*
• @CNP:
  Local conjunction or subjunction.
  • ja (CC):
    Sihke Mázes *ja Guovdageainnus leat boarrásat viššalit finadan doaibmaguovddážiin. - ‘Both in Máze and Guovdageaidnu, the oldest people frequently got to the activitycentre.’*
  • go (CS):
    Sámi geavaheaddjit hállet dávjá metaforaiguin ja sis leat ollu eará gulahallanvuogit *go giella. - ‘Saami users speak often in metaphores and the have many other ways of comunicating than by means of language.’*
• @COMPL-CS<:
  Complement of subjunction.
  • vejolaš (A):
    Gulahallan Sámedikkiin dán gažaldagas šaddá nu konkrehtalažžan go *vejolaš. - ‘The contact with the Saami Parliament about this issue gets as concrete as possible.’*
• @CVP:
  Conjunction or subjunction that conjoins finite verb phrases
  • ja (CC):
    Bealatjogas leat dološ rájes leamaš bálvvossajit *ja dát golbma sieiddi ledje dovddus gitta olgoriikii. - ‘Long since, there have been sacrificial sites at Bealatjohka and the three ‘sieidi’ (cult images) were known even abroad.*
  • go (CS):
    Leago guhkes áigi dassá *go Máreha oidnet? - ‘Has it been a long time since you have seen Máret?’*
• @FAUX:
  finite auxiliary
  • ledje (V):
    Gávpotmuvrra vuođđogeađggit *ledje čiŋahuvvon juohke lágán divrras geđggiiguin. - `The cornerstones of the wall were decorated with every kind of expensive stones.’*
• @-F<ADVL:
  Adverbial of infinite verb outside of the predicate
  • árbbolaččain (N):
    Danne dárbbašit mii oažžut lobi Nils Aslak Valkeapää *árbbolaččain almmuhit dán guokte lávlaga min sálbma-CD:s. - `Therefore we need to get permission from Nils Aslak Valkeapää’s heirs to release these two songs on our psalm-CD.’*
• @-FADVL>:
  Adverbial of infinite verb outside the predicate
  • várrogasat (Adv):
    Dihkkadeaddji rávve skohtervuddjiid *várrogasat mátkkoštit. `The roadman warns snowscooter drivers to drive carefully.’*
• @FMV:
  finite mainverb
  • lei (V):
    Gávpot lei njealječiegat, seammá guhkki go govdat. - `The city *was a square, same width as length.’*
• @FMVdic:
  • muitala (V):
    Ja go geassit eret dábálaš goluid, de lea buhtes sisaboahtu sullii 100 000 ruvnnu, *muitala Eriksen. - `And when we take away/subtract? the regular expenses, there is a remaining income of about 100 000 crowns, says Eriksen.’*
• @-F<OBJ:
  Object of infinite verb outside the verbal to the right of it.
  • govaid (N):
    Boađe mu lusa geahččat *govaid! - `Come to me and look at the pictures!’*
• @-FOBJ>:
  Object of infinite verb outside the verbal to the left of it.
  • váldovuoittuid (N):
    Valáštallanhálla lei njealjehas dievva olbmuiguin geat vurde *váldovuoittuid fasket. - `The gymn was to a quarter full of people that wait to grab the main prizes.’*
• @-F<SPRED:
  • duhtavaččat (A):
    IL Nordlysa beaivválaš jođiheaddji, Nils Peder Eriksen, lohká iežaset leat oalle *duhtavaččat dán jagáš básárdoaluin.*
• @FM-SPRED<:
  main clause functioning as a subject predicate to the right of another main clause
  • ii (V):
    Ja dasa lea dát sivva: go sápmelaš boahtá moskkus gámmirii, de son ii *ii ipmir ii báljo maidege, go ii biegga beasa bossut njuni vuostá. - `And this is the reason: if a Saami comes …, then he does not understand …’*
• @FS-ADVL>:
  subclause functioning as an adverbial to the finite verb of the main clause to the right of it.
  • bohtet (V):
    Ja mo jos Muhtinlágan Stálu ustibat *bohtet fitnat. - `And what if the friends of some-kind-of troll come for a visit.’*
• @FS-<ADVL:
  subclause functioning as an adverbial to the finite verb of the main clause to the left of it.
  • galggai (V):
    Go *galggai bargat rehkenastimiin sus šattai álo oaivvebávččas. - `When they should work with arithmetics, she always got a headache.’*
• @FS-IAUX:
  subclause infinite auxiliary
  • sáhte:
    Mun in *sáhte muitalit dán dutnje. - `I cannot tell you this.’*
• @FS-IMV:
  subclause infinite mainverb
  • ohcamin (V):
    Naba jos eadni lea sudno *ohcamin, iige gávnna. - `And if mother is searching for them, she will not find them.’*
• @FS-N<:
  finite verb (either an auxiliary or main verb) of a relative subclause (with a noun (N) antecedent)
  • lea (V):
    De son viežžá liegga liema ruittus mii *lea oapmana alde. `Then he fetched warm broth from the pot that is on the stove.’*
• @FS-N<IAUX:
  infinite auxiliary of a (relative) subclause
  • sáhttán (V):
    Mun oidnen nieidda gii ii *sáhttán boahtit. - `I saw the girl that could not come.’*
• @FS-N<IMV:
  infinite mainverb of a (relative) subclause
  • bargan (V):
    Mon lean okta sápmelaš, guhte lean *bargan visot sámi bargguid ja mon dovddan visot sámi dili. - `I am a Sámi, who has worked in all Saami occupations and I know all Saami affairs.’*
• @FS-OBJ:
  finite verb of the subclause that has an object function
  • leahkkasii (V):
    Arne ii fuobmán ahte uksa *leahkkasii. - `Arne did not notice that the door opened.’*
• @FS-OBJ>:
  finite verb of a subclause that has object function used for kal e.g.
  • pigilissagaa (V):
    Nunani issittuni sila pillugu tunngaviusumik ilisimasalernissaq silamut ilisimatusarfiup pigilissagaa ministerit marluullutik isumaqatigiipput, silallu allanngoriartornerata sunniutai maluginiarneqassasut.
• @FS-P<:
  finite verb of a subclause
  • eru (V):
    Tað er ikki longur pláss fyri, at lutir og kenslur bara eru. - ‘There is no longer any space for that things and feelings simply are.’
  • :
    (fao)
• @FS-P<IMV:
  finite verb of a subclause in fao
  • :
• @-F<OPRED:
  • :
• @-FSUBJ>:
  subject of a verbal infinitival object
  • mánáid (N):
    Muhtinlágan Stállu cáhpá goikebierggu sudnuide ja dáhttu *mánáid boradit. - ‘Some-sort-of troll cuts dried meat for them and asks the children to eat.’*
• @FS-SUBJ:
  finite verb head of a subordinate clause functioning as a subject
  • boađát (V):
    Dehálaš lea ahte don maid *boađát. - ‘It is important that you come too.’*
• @FS-VFIN<:
  • eai (V):
    Idja ii leat šat, *eai ge sii dárbbaš lámppá dahje beaivváža čuovgga, dasgo Hearrá Ipmil lea sin čuovga. - `The night is not anymore, they do not need the lamp- or day- light either, because God the Lord is their light.’*
• @HAB:
  Habitive, for a human target in illative or locative in a habitive construction (copula), is translated as “have”. Possible verbs in a habitive construction are “boahtit” ‘come’, “leat” ‘be’, “goallut” ‘pass’, “heaŋgát”, ‘hang’, “jápmit” ‘die’, “šaddat” ‘become’.
  • Máhtes (N):
    *Máhtes lea beana. - ‘Máhtte has a dog.’*
  • sus (Pron):
    *Sus šattai álo oaivvebávččas go galggai bargat rehkenastimiin. - ‘She always got a headache when she was supposed to work with arithmetics.’*
• @HNOUN:
  Stray noun in sentence fragments.
  • boddu (N):
    Vuosttaš *boddu. - ‘First lesson.’*
• @IAUX:
  non-finite auxiliary
  • veaje (V):
    Dattetge ii *veaje oađđit. - `Still she did not manage to sleep.’*
• @ICL-ADVL:
  infinitival clause adverbial
  • árvvoštallat (V):
    Son namuha ahte sii leat gal ávžžuhan olbmuid geat dihtet ahte dárbbašit jođánit beassat buohccevissui, nugo ovdamearkka dihte áhpehis nissonolbmuid geain lahkona riegádahttináigi, *árvvoštallat galget go ovdal go buohccájit juo vuolgit buohccevissui.*
• @ICL-OBJ:
  infinitival clause object
  • boradit (V):
    Muhtinlágan Stállu cáhpá goikebierggu sudnuide ja dáhttu mánáid *boradit. - ‘Some-sort-of troll cuts dried meat for them and asks the children to eat.’*
• @ICL-P<:
  infinitival complement of a preposition
  • skriva (V):
    Kenslan gav Unn íblástur til at skriva nakrar yrkingar um næstrakærleika.
  • :
    (fao)
• @ICL-SUBJ:
  infinitival subject
  • sløkkja (V):
    Men tað er líka skjótt at sløkkja ljósið, lata eygu og oyru aftur og rista ábyrgdina av okkum.
  • :
    (fao)
• @IM:
  fao
  • at (IM):
    Tá koyrdi Harrin Guð hann út úr aldingarðinum í Eden og setti hann til at dyrka ta jørð, sum hann var sjálvur tikin av.
• @IMV:
  non-finite mainverb
  • čiŋahuvvon (V):
    Gávpotmuvrra vuođđogeađggit ledje *čiŋahuvvon juohke lágán divrras geđggiiguin. - `The cornerstones of the wall were decorated with every kind of expensive stones.’*
• @INF->N:
  kal
  • pillugu (V):
    Nunani issittuni sila pillugu tunngaviusumik ilisimasalernissaq silamut ilisimatusarfiup pigilissagaa ministerit marluullutik isumaqatigiipput, silallu allanngoriartornerata sunniutai maluginiarneqassasut.
• @INTERJ:
  Interjection.
  • maid (Interj):
    *Maid, iigo leat boahtán? - ‘What, hasn’t he/she come?’*
• @<IOBJ:
  indirect object to the right of the finite verb.
  • (N):
• @IOBJ>:
  Indirect object to the left of the finite verb.
  • (N):
• @MIK-OBJ:
  kal
  • illunik (N):
    Namminersornerusut Nuummi illunik ima amerlatigisunik tunisaqarsimalerput aningaasanut inatsit iluatsitaariniarfigisariaqalerlugu inissianik isatereriarlutik nutaanik sanaartortariaqaleramik atorfilittatik naammaginartunik inissaqartissinnaajumallugit.
• @>N:
  Prenominal modifier to the left
  • geavatlaš (A):
    Ráđđehussii lea *geavatlaš politihkka deaŧalaš. - ‘For the government, practical politics is important.’*
  • oahppo-:
    *Oahppo- ja dutkanministtar dat lea ráhkadan dieđáhusa alit sámi oahpu ja dutkama birra. - ‘The secretary for education and research has given a notice about Saami higher education and research.’*
  • rektor (N):
    *Rektor Tove Bull álgaga mielde… - ‘According to principal Tove Bull …’*
  • Tove (N Prop):
    Rektor *Tove Bull álgaga mielde… - ‘According to principal Tove Bull …’*
• @N<:
  Modifier of the noun to the left.
  • 33 (Num):
    Mun lean ilus go beasan ovdanbuktit St.dieđ. nr. *33. - ‘I am happy that I get the opportunity to present the parliament notice number 33.’* (In this case 33 modifies St.dieđ..)
  • vihtta (Num):
    Mun boađán diibmu *vihtta. - ‘I will come at five o’clock.’*
• @>Num:
  Attributes of numeral to the right.
  • nr (N):
    Mun lean ilus go beasan ovdanbuktit St.dieđ. *nr. 33. - ‘I am happy that I get the opportunity to present the parliament notice number 33.’*
• @Num<:
  Attributes of numeral to the left.
  • jagi (N):
    Son lea guoktelogi *jagi boaris. - ‘She/he is twenty years old.’*
• @<OBJ:
  Direct object to the right of the finite verb.
  • áiggi (N):
    Dat gáibida ollu *áiggi. - ‘That demands a lot of time.’*
• @OBJ>:
  Direct object to the left of the finite verb.
  • maid:
    Filbma lea oassi prošeavttas *maid Sámi instituhtta lea ruthadan. - ‘The film is a part of the project that the Saami institute has financed.’*
• @OPRED>:
  Object predicative to the left of the finite verb.
  • luoikkasin (N):
    Gaup dojii stivrrana hárjehallamiin, muhto oaččui *luoikkasin eará stivrrana. - ‘Gaup broke the handlebars during the practises, but got to borrow another steering.’*
• @<OPRED:
  Object predicative.
  • buriid (A):
    Gáhkkuid son ráhkada hui *buriid. - ‘Cakes, she/he makes really good ones.’*
  • sámegielhállin (N):
    Dagat iežat *sámegielhállin. - ‘You make yourself a Saami speaker.’*
• @>P:
  Complement of postposition to the left of it.
  • oahpu (N), dutkama (N):
    Oahppo- ja dutkanministtar dat lea ráhkadan dieđáhusa alit sámi *oahpu ja dutkama birra. - ‘The secretary for education and research has given a notice about Saami higher education and research.’*
• @P<:
  Complement of preposition to the right of it.
  • oasálaččaid (N):
    Finnmárkkus ii goassige leat leamaš ságastallan gaskal muhtun muddui seammadássásaš *oasálaččaid. - ‘There has never been a discussion in Finnmark between somehow equal parts.’*
• @PCLE:
  Particle.
  • amma (Pcle):
    *Amma mii eat leat máksán? - ‘We haven’t paid, have we?’*
• @POSS>:
  kal
  • Jiisusi-Kristusip (N):
    *Jiisusi-Kristusip, Daavip ernerata, Aaperaap ernerata, eqqarliisa allassimaffiat.*
• @PPRED:
  a predicative with a predicative as its head
  • reaŋgan (N):
    Máhtes lea Jovnna *reaŋgan. - ‘Máhtte has Jovnna as a searvant.’*
• @>Pron:
  Modifier of a pronoun to the left of it.
  • buot (Pron):
    Mun, Johanas, lean dat guhte lean gullan ja oaidnán *buot dán. - ‘I, Johanas, am the one who has heard and seen all of it.’*
• @Pron<:
  Modifier of pronoun to the right of it.
  • ipmašiid (N):
    Maid *ipmašiid doppe dagat? - ‘What the heck are you doing there?’*
  • golmmas (N):
    Mii *golmmas oktan du vieljain finaimet Niillas-čeazi geahčen. - ‘We three together with your brother visited uncle Niillas.’*
• @SPRED:
  Subject predicative in elliptical sentences.
  • nommh (N):
    Die maa onterligksh nommh, ih goh tuhtjh, men die ligan onterligksh nierretjh aaj. - ‘ ‘
  • :
    (sma)
• @<SPRED:
  Subject predicative to the right of the finite verb.
  • galbmasat (A):
    Mus leat gieđat nu *galbmasat. - ‘My hands are so cold.’*
  • beana (N):
    Mus lea *beana. - ‘I have a dog.’*
• @SPRED>:
  Subject predicative to the right of the finite verb.
  • vuođđun (N):
    Kommišuvnna evttohusaid *vuođđun lea guohtundilalašvuođaid vuđolaš čielggadeapmi, man fágalávdegotti ášše-dovdit dahke.*
• @SPRED<OBJ:
  • :
• @SUBJ:
  Elliptical subject.
  • ålma (N):
    Dennie synnagovgesne jis akte ålma maam doenh-aajmoe doerelamme. - ‘ ‘
• @SUBJ>:
  Subject to the left of the finite verb.
  • son (Pron):
    *Son lea mu oabbá. - ‘She is my sister.’*
  • luopmánat (N):
    Jeakkis leat *luopmánat. - ‘There are cloudberries in the swamp.’*
• @<SUBJ:
  Subject to the right of the finite verb.
  • ollusat (Pron):
    …ja dan vejolašvuođa orro gal *ollusat geavahan. - ‘…and this opportunity, many seem to make use of.’*
• @SUBJ<ADVL:
  • :
• @SUBJ_COMP:
  fao
  • :
• @<SUBJ_COMP:
  predicate of a subject/ subject complement (kal)
  • :
• @SUBJ<OBJ:
  • :
• @tSUBJ:
  Elliptical subject.
  • tað (Pron):
    *Tað er ikki longur pláss fyri, at lutir og kenslur bara eru.*
• @i-ADVL>:
  kal
  • Babylonimut (N):
    Josijap Jekonja qatanngutaalu Babylonimut aallarussaanerup nalaani.
• @i-><ADVL:
  kal
  • pruffiitikkut (N):
    Tamakku tamarmik pipput Naalakkap pruffiitikkut oqaaserisaa eqquuteqqullugu, oqarmat: »Takuat, niviarsiaq naartulissaaq ernertaassallunilu, atsissavaallu Immanuelimik« – imaappoq: Guuti ilagaarput.
• @i->N:
  kal
  • naammaginartunik (N):
    Namminersornerusut Nuummi illunik ima amerlatigisunik tunisaqarsimalerput aningaasanut inatsit iluatsitaariniarfigisariaqalerlugu inissianik isatereriarlutik nutaanik sanaartortariaqaleramik atorfilittatik naammaginartunik inissaqartissinnaajumallugit.
• @i->V:
  kal
  • tutinneq (N):
    Ernertaartinnaguli tutinneq ajorpaa.
• >@V:
  kal
  • :
• @VOC:
  Vocative.
  • hearrá:
    *Hearrá, du ráhkis ustit lea buohcci. - ‘Lord, your beloved friend is ill.’*
• <ctjHead>:
  coordinated head, can be of different PoS’ (V, A, N …). The PoS taking part in coordination do not necessarily be of the same kind. The tag is useful if the coordinated part does not directly follow it’s predecessor.
  • geahččá:
    Dat *geahččá nuppiid stáluide girkes čalmmiiguin ja reašká romet. - `He/she looks at the other trolls with clear eyes and laughs hideously.’*
  • stuorrát:
    Gieđat leat *stuorrát dego steaikabánnot ja guolgan. - `The hands are as big as fryingpans and covered with hair.’*
  • soalsin:
    Skávžá lea buot *soalsin ja njuoskkas. - `The beard is all covered with spit and wet.’*
• <mv>:
  main verb, especially useful in cases where the verb can be both a main verb and an auxiliary
  • dárbbašit, oažžut:
    Danne *dárbbašit mii oažžut lobi Nils Aslak Valkeapää árbbolaččain almmuhit dán guokte lávlaga min sálbma-CD:s. - `Therefore we need to get permission from Nils Aslak Valkeapää’s heirs to release these two songs on our psalm-CD.’*
• <vdic>:
  verba dicendi, those that introduce direct speech, typically words of communication such as lohkat, cealkat, dadjat, oaivildit
  • celkkii:
    Eŋgel *celkkii munnje: Dát leat luohtehahtti ja duohta sánit. - `The angel told me: These are trustworthy and true words.’*

Coordination

Here are some examples of our coordination-analysis:

"Náhkiin sii gorro roavgguid, dorkkaid ja gápmagiid."
From the skin they were sewing furs, coats and shoes.

         
                   gorro
                  /  |  \     
            Náhkiin  sii roavgguid,
                          /   \
                  doarkkaid  gápmagiid.
                       /
                     ja 
 

         
 "Bárdni válddii niibbi ja čuohpai ráiggi sehkkii ja luittii mánáid olggos."
 The boy took the knife and cut a hole in the bag and let the children out.
 
                   válddii_____
                  /   /   \    \
            Bárdni niibbi  \   luittii
                     |   čuohpai  |   \
                    ja    /  |  mánáid olggos.
                         /   |     
                    ráiggi sehkkii
                            |  
                           ja

Complex sentences

Here are some examples:

"Jus stállu vuoitá, de son goddá olbmo."
If `Stállu' wins, he kills the person.

                     vuoitá,__
                   / |    \   \
                Jus stállu de  \ 
                              goddá
                             /   \
                           son   olbmo.

"Dasto don it beasa ruoktot jus borat min luhtte."
Then you don't manage to get home if you eat at our place.

                                   it __
                                 / |    \
                              don beasa  \         
                                 /   \    \ 
                            Dasto ruoktot  borat
                                           |  \
                                         jus luhtte.
                                                |
                                               min

No finite verb in the the second main clause:
"Vuos galgá liinna seaktit, de suohpput ja nuppi iđida fas geassit dan."
First one should put bait on the line, then cast it, and on the next morning take it inn again.

                             galgá
                               |
                             seaktit, ___________
                            /  |  \  \            \
                     Vuos liinna de suohpput   geassit
                                        |       /  |  \
                                       ja     iđeda fas dan.
                                               /
                                            nuppi    

No verb in the main clause: 
"Ovdal buorida Ipmil dálkkiidis go neavrres olmmoš dábiidis."
Rather does God improve the weather than a miserable person his habits.

                                buorida _______
                               / |   \           \
                          Ovdal Ipmil dálkkiidis  \
                                                olmmoš
                                              /   |    \
                                            go neavrres dábiidis.

Punctuation

Punctuation such as “.”, “,” and “;” also receive dependency tags. The sentence “Arvigoahtá. - It starts raining” actually consists of two elements, the finite verb and the punctuation. The full stop is also interpreted as a dependent of the root “#2->0”.

Arguments and adjuncts

Subcategorized arguments such as “beatnagis - of the dog” in the sentence “Balat go beatnagis? - Are you afraid of the dog” are interpreted as dependents of the finite verb. Right now, we do not distinguish between sentence adverbials (adjuncts) and subcategorized arguments. “Odne - today” in “Odne arvá. - Today, it rains.” is also interpreted as a dependent of the verb.