Cornish language model documentation

All doc-comment documentation in one large file.

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src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

• Sets for POS sub-categories

• Sets for Semantic tags

• Sets for Morphosyntactic properties

• Sets for verbs

• V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should be the ones without an N tag following the V.
  The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.

• The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions

• NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features

• The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets

These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.

The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)

• Miscellaneous sets

• Border sets and their complements

• Syntactic sets

These were the set types.

HABITIVE MAPPING

• hab1

• hab2

• hab3 ( @ADVL>) for hab-actor and hab-case; if leat to the right, and Nom to the right of leat. Lots of restrictions.

• habNomLeft

• hab4

• hab6

• hab7

• hab8 This is not HAB

• hab5 This is not HAB

• habDain ( @ADVL>) for (Pron Dem Pl Loc) if leat followed by Nom to the right

• habGen ( @<ADVL) hab for Gen; if Gen is located in the end of the sentence and Nom is sentence initial

• spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.

• Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.

• Hab>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween HAB and .

• Nom>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween Nom and @<SUBJ.

• <spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and some kind of adverb, N Loc, time related word or Po to the left of it. OR: if Ill or @Pron< to the left, followed by copulas and the before mentioned to the left of copulas.

• <spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom, but not for Pers. To the left boahtit or heaŋgát as MAINV, and futher to the left is some kind of place related word, or time related word

• <spredQst1 ( @<SUBJ) for Nom in a typically question sentence; if A) Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. B) same as a, only the Qst-pcle is attached to copulas. C) Qst to the left, with copulas to its left, but not if two Nom:s are found somewhere to the right. D) copulas to the left, and BOS to the left. E) Loc or Ill to the left, and Loc or Hab to the left of this, Qst and copulas to the left. F) Num @>N to the left, Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. NOTE) for all these rules; human, Loc or Sem/Plc not allowed to the right.

• <spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.

• Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas

• <spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas

• <spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive

• leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.

• <spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor

• NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom

• <spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom

• <spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom

• <spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.

• <spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess

• spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.

• HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.

• GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial

• spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)

• r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.

• AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas

• SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas

• Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right

• spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.

• subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)

• subj>Du (@SUBJ>) for dual nominatives, including Coll Nom. VFIN + Du3 to the right.

• subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.

• subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives

• subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.

• <subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).

• f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials

• f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials

• s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.

• -fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc

• -fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc

• advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.

• <advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.

• <advlPoPr (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the left.

• advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.

• advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.

• advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.

• comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.

• advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.

• <advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.

• cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.

• <opredAAcc (@<OPRED) for A Acc; if an other accusative to the left, and a transtive verb to the left of it. OR: if a transitive verb to the left, and an accusative to the left of it.

sma object

• <advlEss (@<ADVL) for ESS-ADVL if; FMAINV to the left
• <spredEss (@<SPRED) for N Ess if; FMAINV to the left is intransitive or bargat

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives.lexc.md

Adjectve morphology

Only add tag so far.

• LEXICON adj
• +Adj: # ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns.lexc.md

Cornish noun morphology

Masculine stem classes

The nouns get tags (to the left of :, i.e. in the upper representation and the suffixes are found to the left of the colon

• LEXICON m

• LEXICON m-yow

• LEXICON m-ow

• LEXICON m-ys

• LEXICON m-es

• LEXICON m-s

• LEXICON m-yon

• LEXICON m-aff-i

• LEXICON m-ag

• LEXICON m-sgtantum

• LEXICON m-pltantum

Feminine stem classes

• LEXICON f

• LEXICON f-yow

• LEXICON f-edh

Nest step:

Here we add suffixes. These may be common to several stem classes and are therefore pointed to in a different layer (this one)

Number lexica

• LEXICON sg

• LEXICON yonpl

• LEXICON owpl

• LEXICON yowpl

• LEXICON ipl

• LEXICON yspl

• LEXICON espl

• LEXICON edhpl

• LEXICON spl

• LEXICON adjd

Irregular plurals

• LEXICON KI

• LEXICON DEN

• LEXICON OJYON

• LEXICON GARLONT

Mutation lexicon

• LEXICON mutation

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-numerals.lexc.md

Kven numerals

Numeral inflection

Numeral inflection is like nominal, except that numerals compound in all forms which requires great amount of care in the inflection patterns.

• LEXICON ARABICCASES adds +Arab

• LEXICON ARABICCASE adds +Arab

• LEXICON ARABICCASE0 adds +Arab

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/numerals.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-propernouns.lexc.md

Propernoun affix

• LEXICON prop
• +N+Prop: mutation ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/propernouns.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-symbols.lexc.md

Symbol affixes

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/symbols.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

Verbal morphology

The declension classes

Auxiliaries

• bos+V: COPULA “to be” ;
• mos+V: MOS “go” ;
• dos+V: DOS “come” ;
• gul+V: GUL “do” ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-phonology.xfscript.md

Cornish morph-phon grammar file

Cornish morphphonology

This is the file for the morphophonological rules.

We keep a verbose style, at each point we tell what we will do. That is the echo commands.

Definitions

Here, we have left some documentation for curious readers:

• ^S = 2 = soft mutation \
• ^A = 3 = breathed mutation \
• ^P = 4 = hard mutation \
• ^M = 5 = mixed mutation \
• ^V = vowel affection \
• ^E = triggers o to e in agent suffix \
• ^D = no mutation dummy for immutable words \
• ^CD = triggers consonant doubling in subjunctive \
• ^TRUNC = \

These triggers are given a name, so that we can delete them when they have done their job.

• DummySymbols

• Boundary

• Dummy

• Vow

• Cns

• Yy

• Symbols

• Sgm

Rules

Here the action begins.

Mutations

!identity

gsoft: If we encounter a final %^S symbol, we delete an initial g

Etc for changing g to h in front of %^M, etc.

Then we generalise: softmut p -> b etc. in front of %^S

Change gw to g with gwsimplification

Aspirant mutation p > f etc. in front of %^A

k to h in front of %^A with kaspmut

!The other consonant rules

Devoicing b -> p etc. in front of %^P

Voiced plosive to fric with mixed in front of %^M

Nonmutation as identity when we do not have triggers. Hmm, why is this needed?

ConsonantDoublingI bdg in front of %^CD

ConsonantDoublingII t in front of %^CD

ConsonantDoublingIII various cns in front of %^CD

Devoicing b -> p

Deleting light stem vowel with LightStemVow

AuslautHerdung

Umlaut of e3, a4, … in %^UML contexts Always Uml if affix. Then Uml if no affix, but when %^UML mark

The triggers have done their work The order of rules here is not crucial, crucial is the order below: But it is a good idea to have the same rule here as well. Dummydeletion comes last:

ArchiPhonemes should not be on the surface

Compilation

Then we compile, one rule after another.

• read regex [ Nonmutation
• .o. identity
• .o. gsoft
• .o. gmixed
• .o. softmut
• .o. aspmut
• .o. kaspmut
• .o. prov
• .o. mixed
• .o. Nonmutation
• .o. ConsonantDoublingI
• .o. ConsonantDoublingII
• .o. ConsonantDoublingIII
• .o. Devoicing
• .o. LightStemVow
• .o. NoFinalH
• .o. STDEL
• .o. VowelAffection
• .o. OtoE
• .o. LightSuffixEK
• .o. Umlaut
• .o. ArchiPhonemes
• .o. DummyDeletion
• ] ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.xfscript

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src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md

Cornish morphology

First, we declare multicharacter symbols

POS

• +N +V +A
• +Adv +CC +CS +Interj +Pron +Num +Pr
• +Smut +Mmut +Pmut +Amut for mutation
• +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, ©

Verbal MSP

+Prs +Fut +Prt +Prf +Ipf +Plf
+Ind +Imp +Sbj
+Inf +Sit ! what is +Sit?
+Pos +Neg +ConNeg
+1Sg +2Sg +3Sg +1Pl +2Pl +3Pl
+Impers
+Ptc
+VN

Nominal MSP

+Sg +Pl +P
+Nom +Acc +Gen
+Ord

Pronominal MSP

+Suff +Emph +Indef
+Msc +Fem

Diacritical marks, to trigger morphophonological rules. The “%” symbol literalises the next symbol

%^S %^A %^P %^M %^V %^E
%> %^D
%^UML %^CD %^TRUNC %^STDEL

Archiphonemes

e3 e to o in plural a4 o4 Umlaut phonemes, changing to e

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

• »7: Literal »
• «7: Literal «

   %[%>%]  - Literal >
   %[%<%]  - Literal <
  

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:

Flag	Explanation
@P.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@D.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@C.NeedNoun@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm.

Flag	Explanation
@P.CmpFrst.FALSE@	Require that words tagged as such only appear first
@D.CmpPref.TRUE@	Block such words from entering ENDLEX
@P.CmpPref.FALSE@	Block these words from making further compounds
@D.CmpLast.TRUE@	Block such words from entering R
@D.CmpNone.TRUE@	Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.FALSE@	Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
@P.CmpOnly.TRUE@	Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@	Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags.

Flag	Explanation
@U.Cap.Obl@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@U.Cap.Opt@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@P.Pmatch.Backtrack@	For preprocessing
@R.ErrOrth.ON@	resetting ErrOrth flag
@C.ErrOrth@	clearing ErrOrth Flag.

• +Use/TTS – only retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
• +Use/-TTS – never retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser

Flag diacritic	Explanation
@U.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;

Key lexicon

• LEXICON Root
  • Adverb ;
  • Noun ;
  • Propernoun ;
  • Preposition ;
  • Conjunction ;
  • Subjunction ;
  • Verb ;
  • Adjective ;
  • Interjection ;
  • Numeral ;
  • Pronoun ;
  • Punctuation ;
  • Symbols ;

Adhoc lexica, to be fixed

• LEXICON ENDLEX
• LEXICON RNum
• LEXICON ARABICCOMPOUNDS

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-adjectives.lexc.md

The Cornish Adjective root lexicon

Some 1300 adjectives, only one continuation lexicon. (adj).

LEXICON Adjective Albanek adj “Scottish. Scots” ; Almaynek adj “German” ; a-berthek adj “intrinsic” ; a-dhevis adj “exact” ; ardhek adj “lofty” ; arhansek adj “financial” ; arnowydh adj “modern” ; …

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-adverbs.lexc.md

Cornish Adverbs

Documenting stems/adverbs.lexc

Adding the tag +Adv

LEXICON adv adds the tag +Adv +Adv: # ;

The adverbs

LEXICON Adverb lists the adverbs a-bell adv “afar. “ ; a-bervedh adv “inside, indoors, aboard.” ; a-ble adv “whence, from what place. “ ; dhi adv “thither, to that place.” ; hedhyw adv “today.” ; hevlyna adv “this year.” ; isos adv “downward, below.” ; jammes adv “never.” ;

Then comes the list with adverbs from the 2020 dictionary

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adverbs.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-conjunctions.lexc.md

Cornish Conjunctions

This documents the file stems/conjunctions.lexc. Note that based on the English translations it seems there are some subjunctions here, and it also seems the Cornish version of and is missing. Have a look at the original file!

LEXICON CC adds tag +CC

LEXICON Conjunction lists 30 or so conjunctions mes CC “but” ; hag CC “and (before vowels)” ; ha CC “and (before consonants)” ; po CC “or” ; bo CC “or” ; py CC “or” ; rag CC “for” ;

2020 dictionary CC entries not known to fst

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/conjunctions.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-interjections.lexc.md

Interjections

LEXICON aj adds tag

• +Interj: # ;

LEXICON Interjection lists the interjections

• a aj “o” ;
• agh aj “ugh” ;
• aha aj “aha” ; …

Words from 2020 dictionary

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/interjections.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-nouns.lexc.md

Lexicon over Cornish nouns

Short overview of the types

Masculines

• m = ow plural
• m-yow = yow plural (all new 2020 masculines assigned here)
• m-ys = ys plural
• m-yon = yon plural
• m-yn = yn plural not implemented yet
• m-ag = -(y)er agent nouns
• m-es = -es plural
• *m-ens ** = -ens plural *not implemented yet
• m-s = -s plural
• m- = balek-wörter
• m-dual = Duals not implemented yet
• m-aff = Root vowel change
• m-yon = yon plural
• m-aff-i = i plural
• m-sgtantum = Singularia tantum
• m-pltantum = Pluralia tantum

Feminines

• f = ow plural
• f-yow = yow plural
• f-yon = yon plural

The stems

• LEXICON Noun contains all the nouns

Exceptions

ki, den, ojyon, …

Regular nouns

Masculine

lexc syntax:

lemmaform:stem continuationlexicon “facultative translation” ; without the colon, lemmaform and stem are identical. The morphology is then handeled in noun-kor-morph.txt

Here the noun types begin:

ow plural

All -(y)ans nouns are here even though the dictionary lists no plurals for them (Brown, p. 30)

• abatti m “abbey” ;
• abes m “abbot” ; …

yow plural

• aber m-yow “river mouth” ;
• grogys m-yow “belt” ; …

ys plural

• acheson m-ys “reason” ;
• adamant m-ys “diamond” ; …

yon plural

• akontydh m-yon “accountant” ;

-(y)er agent nouns

• aghskrifer:aghskrifor m-ag “genealogist” ;
• bleujenner:bleujennor m-ag “florist” ;
• begyer+N+Msc:begyor yonpl “beggar” ; also m-s

-es plural

• baban m-es “baby” ;
• badh m-es “boar” ;

-s plural

• bacheler m-s “bachelor” ;
• balyer m-s “balyers” ; …

balek-wörter

• balek:bale3k m ;

Duals

Root vowel change

yon plural

• mab:ma4b m-yon “son” ;

i plural

• abostol:abo4sto4l m-aff-i “apostle” ; not working yet

Singularia tantum

• adhvetter m-sgtantum “ripeness” ;
• Afrikan m-sgtantum “African” ; …

Pluralia tantum

• arghans m-pltantum “money” ; MF
• mona m-pltantum “money” ; NW mona is here as illustration, should get a new continuation lex

Longer lists

Masculines

m-ow

• lavrok:lavrog m-ow ;
• lavrok:lavreg m-ow ; UC

m-yow

• aber m-yow “river mouth” ;
• anken m-yow “misery” ;
• ankor m-yow “anchor” ; …

m-ys

• kanel m-ys “tap” ;
• mason m-ys “mason” ; …

Feminines

Irregular feminines

• modrep:modreb f-edh ;

f with ow plural

• abases f “abbess” ;
• tagel f “constriction, choker” ; …

f-yow

• aden f-yow “binding board of a book” ;
• als f-yow “cliff” ; …

Masculine nouns from 2020 dictionary. TODO: Check for inflection class

• ‘Edhow m-yow “Jew” ;
• ‘eghes m-yow “health” ;
• Albanian m-yow “Albanian” ;
• Albaniek m-yow “Albanian language” ;
• Alman m-yow “German” ;
• alarm m-yow “alarm” ;
• albom m-yow “album” ;
• alejyans m-yow “allegation” ; …

Feminine nouns from 2020 dictionary. TODO: Check for inflection class

• ‘Edhowes f “Jew” ;
• ‘eth f “language” ;
• Afrikanes f “African” ;
• banadhlek f “broom-brake” ;
• banken f “bank” ;
• banow f “sow” ; …

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-numerals.lexc.md

Cornish numeral stems

• LEXICON Numeral

• LEXICON Cardinals
• onan card-yow “one” ;

• onen card-yow “one” ;

• LEXICON Ordinals
• pajwora ord-yow “fourth” ;
• pempes ord-yow “fifth” ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-prepositions.lexc.md

Cornish prepositions

Four classes:

• Class 1
• Class 2
• Class 3
• Class 4

LEXICON pp tag only

• +Pr: # ;

LEXICON pp-prono tag and person forms, -o-

• +Pr:0 # ; = bare form
• +Pr+1Sg:ov # ;
• +Pr+2Sg:os # ; …

LEXICON pp-proni tag and person -i-

• +Pr: # ; bare form
• +Pr+1Sg:iv # ;
• +Pr+2Sg:is # ; …

LEXICON pp-a tag and person form -a-

• +Pr: # ; bare form
• +Pr+1Sg:hanav # ;

• +Pr+2Sg:hanas # ;

LEXICON Preposition the list (some 20-30)

• a pp-a “of, from” ;
• avel pp-prono “like” ;
• a-barth pp “for the sake of, beside, in the name of, along with” ; …

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/prepositions.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-pronouns.lexc.md

Cornish Pronoun stems and morphology

This file lists pronouns fullforms.

LEXICON Pronoun

• Personal ;
• Demonstrative ;
• Determinative ;
• Possessive ;
• Indefinite ;
• Suffixed ;

LEXICON Personal

• my+Pron+Pers+Nom+1Sg:my # ;
• my+Pron+Pers+Nom+1Sg:’m # ; …

LEXICON Suffixed

• my+Pron+Pers+Suff+1Sg:vy # ;
• my+Pron+Pers+Suff+Emph+1Sg:evy # ;

LEXICON Demonstrative

• ma+Dem:ma # “this” ;
• na+Dem:na # “that” ;
• hemm+Dem+Sem/Msc+Sg:hemm # “this one (masc.)” ; …

LEXICON Determinative

• an+Det+Def:an # ;

LEXICON Possessive

• ow+Pron+Poss+1Sg:ow # ;
• dha+Pron+Poss+2Sg:dha # ; …

LEXICON Indefinite

• huni+Pron+Indef+Sg:huni # ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/pronouns.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-propernouns.lexc.md

Cornish proper nouns

This file lists cornish proper nouns. They are directed to the same continuation lexicon.

• LEXICON Propernoun
• Abram prop ;
• Adam prop ; … and some 1000 more.

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/propernouns.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-subjunctions.lexc.md

Cornish Subjunctions

This file lists the subjunctions and assign them the +CS tag.

LEXICON CS Adds tag +CS

LEXICON Subjunction contains the 20 or so subjunctions ages CS “than” ; awos CS “because, though, for the sake of, in spite of” ; drefenn CS “because, on account of” ; erna CS “till, until” ; …

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/subjunctions.lexc

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src-fst-morphology-stems-verbs.lexc.md

Cornish Verb stems

The regular verb system – an overview:

This shows two version of the analysis, one from 2009 (for reference) and one from 2020 (the current one).

For reference: This was the first version of the model (2009)

vb1-vb5 are declension classes.

• vb1) -a no i-Umlaut im Paradima
• vb2) -ya ya-Verbs
• vb3) -es/-i i-Umlaut im Paradigma
• vb4) -he he-Verbs

• vb5) -el/-i -C[l

  n

  m](r)-Verben

• And finally the irregulars: Suppletion im Paradigma

The 2020 version of the model:

• vb1 -a (= v1 above)
• vbya -ya (= v2 above)
• vbi -i (= v3 above)
• vbhe -e (= v4 above)
• vb the rest (= ??? above)
• Irregulars (the final cat above)

2020 verbs were added as follows: verbs with -ya, -i, -he infinitive to vbya, vbi, vbye verbs in -a other than -ya to vb1 all other verbs to vb TODO: Go through the new verbs (at the end of this file)

Umlaut class verbs

• u0. Verbs that never have Umlaut?
• u1. Verbs that only have umlaut before an ending that contains , , or imperative .
• u2. Verbs that have umlaut wherever (1) does, but also have the imperfect tense in <-yn, -ys, -i, -yn>.
• u3. Verbs that have umlaut wherever (2) does (including the imperfect tense rule), and also have the 3s pret in <-is>.
• u1 This means VA before suffixes containing or imperative
• u2 This means VA before everything in Umlaut = 1, + the following: 3s and 3p present indicative, 3s and 3p imperative
• u3

Todo:

• for each stem class, split in umlaut type and make sub-contlexes.
• In theory, this gives us 6x4 = 24 verbal continuation lexica.

It is fortunately easier than that:

• -el verbs are always type 3: v5-u3
• some -i verbs are type 3: v3-u3
• and the rest are type 2: v3-u2
• he-verbs are all type 2: v4-u2

The verb lexicon

LEXICON Verb lists all the verbs

• AUX ; = this one entry points to the AUX lexicon in the affixes catalogue

• erhi:arha ERHI “command, order, require, bid” ; = some example entries
• tava:tav TAVA “touch, stroke “ ; =
• anomdhiskwedhes:anomdhiskwedh vb “disappear” ; =
• aras:ar vb “plough” ; =
• argeles:argel vb “sequester” ; =
• arvedh:arvedh vb “affront, harass, browbeat” ; =
• batalyas:bataly vb “fight” ; =
• bryjon:bryjon vb “boil” ; =
• gortos:gortos vb “await, wait for, remain, stay” ; =
• gwrias:gwri vb “sew, stitch” ; =

Verbs from the 2020 dictionary

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs.lexc

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src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md

retroflex plosive, voiceless t ʈ 0288, 648 ( = ASCII 096) retroflex plosive, voiced d ɖ 0256, 598 labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625 retroflex nasal n ɳ 0273, 627 palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626 velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331 uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628

bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665 uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640 alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638 retroflex flap r ɽ 027D, 637 bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632 bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946 dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952 dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240 postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643 postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658 retroflex fricative, voiceless s ʂ 0282, 642 retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656 palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231 palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669 velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611 uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967 uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641 pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295 pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661 glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614

alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\

labiodental approximant P (or v) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r` velar approximant M\

retroflex lateral approximant l` palatal lateral approximant L velar lateral approximant L
Clicks

bilabial O\ (O = capital letter) dental |
(post)alveolar !\ palatoalveolar =\ alveolar lateral ||
Ejectives, implosives

ejective > e.g. ejective p p> implosive < e.g. implosive b b< Vowels

close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U

close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7

schwa ə @

open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O

ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6

open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols

voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\

alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals

primary stress “ secondary stress % long : half-long :\ extra-short _X linking mark -
Tones and word accents

level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex)

contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L

contour, rising-falling _R_F (NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.) global rise global fall Diacritics

voiceless 0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _” syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity `

breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ‘ (or _j) e.g. t’ (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\

dental d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _}

velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript

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src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md

We describe here how abbreviations are in Cornish are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems.

For example:

• s.:syntynyt # ;
• os.:omaa% sukua # ;
• v.:vuosi # ;
• v.:vuonna # ;
• esim.:esimerkki # ;
• esim.:esimerkiksi # ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc

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src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc.md

% komma% :, Root ; % tjuohkkis% :%. Root ; % kolon% :%: Root ; % sárggis% :%- Root ; % násti% :%* Root ;

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc

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src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-symbols2text.lexc.md

This file contains mappings from abbreviations and some acronyms to full forms for text-to-speech purposes. This is a supplement to the analyser; the analyser must tag the strings as +ABBR or similar for the transcriptions to work. The resulting full form must be lemmas known to the analyser, for further processing.

We describe here how abbreviations in Cornish are read out, for text-to-speech systems.

The file contains:

• miscellaneous symbols

• smileys

• Clause boundary symbols

• Single punctuation marks

• Paired punctuation marks

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-symbols2text.lexc

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tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md

[ L A N G U A G E ] G R A M M A R C H E C K E R

DELIMITERS

TAGS AND SETS

Tags

This section lists all the tags inherited from the fst, and used as tags in the syntactic analysis. The next section, Sets, contains sets defined on the basis of the tags listed here, those set names are not visible in the output.

Beginning and end of sentence

BOS EOS

Parts of speech tags

N A Adv V Pron CS CC CC-CS Po Pr Pcle Num Interj ABBR ACR CLB LEFT RIGHT WEB PPUNCT PUNCT

COMMA ¶

Tags for POS sub-categories

Pers Dem Interr Indef Recipr Refl Rel Coll NomAg Prop Allegro Arab Romertall

Tags for morphosyntactic properties

Nom Acc Gen Ill Loc Com Ess Ess Sg Du Pl Cmp/SplitR Cmp/SgNom Cmp/SgGen Cmp/SgGen PxSg1 PxSg2 PxSg3 PxDu1 PxDu2 PxDu3 PxPl1 PxPl2 PxPl3 Px

Comp Superl Attr Ord Qst IV TV Prt Prs Ind Pot Cond Imprt ImprtII Sg1 Sg2 Sg3 Du1 Du2 Du3 Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Inf ConNeg Neg PrfPrc VGen PrsPrc Ger Sup Actio VAbess

Err/Orth

Semantic tags

Sem/Act Sem/Ani Sem/Atr Sem/Body Sem/Clth Sem/Domain Sem/Feat-phys Sem/Fem Sem/Group Sem/Lang Sem/Mal Sem/Measr Sem/Money Sem/Obj Sem/Obj-el Sem/Org Sem/Perc-emo Sem/Plc Sem/Sign Sem/State-sick Sem/Sur Sem/Time Sem/Txt

HUMAN

PROP-ATTR PROP-SUR

TIME-N-SET

Syntactic tags

@+FAUXV @+FMAINV @-FAUXV @-FMAINV @-FSUBJ> @-F<OBJ @-FOBJ> @-FSPRED<OBJ @-F<ADVL @-FADVL> @-F<SPRED @-F<OPRED @-FSPRED> @-FOPRED> @>ADVL @ADVL< @<ADVL @ADVL> @ADVL @HAB> @<HAB @>N @Interj @N< @>A @P< @>P @HNOUN @INTERJ @>Num @Pron< @>Pron @Num< @OBJ @<OBJ @OBJ> @OPRED @<OPRED @OPRED> @PCLE @COMP-CS< @SPRED @<SPRED @SPRED> @SUBJ @<SUBJ @SUBJ> SUBJ SPRED OPRED @PPRED @APP @APP-N< @APP-Pron< @APP>Pron @APP-Num< @APP-ADVL< @VOC @CVP @CNP OBJ

-OTHERS SYN-V @X ### Sets containing sets of lists and tags This part of the file lists a large number of sets based partly upon the tags defined above, and partly upon lexemes drawn from the lexicon. See the sourcefile itself to inspect the sets, what follows here is an overview of the set types. #### Sets for Single-word sets INITIAL #### Sets for word or not WORD NOT-COMMA #### Case sets ADLVCASE CASE-AGREEMENT CASE NOT-NOM NOT-GEN NOT-ACC #### Verb sets NOT-V #### Sets for finiteness and mood REAL-NEG MOOD-V NOT-PRFPRC #### Sets for person SG1-V SG2-V SG3-V DU1-V DU2-V DU3-V PL1-V PL2-V PL3-V #### Pronoun sets #### Adjectival sets and their complements #### Adverbial sets and their complements #### Sets of elements with common syntactic behaviour #### NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features #### The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression **WORD - premodifiers**. #### Border sets and their complements #### Grammarchecker sets * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [tools/grammarcheckers/grammarchecker.cg3](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-cor/blob/main/tools/grammarcheckers/grammarchecker.cg3) --- ## tools-tokenisers-tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmscript.md ## Tokeniser for cor Usage: ``` $ make $ echo "ja, ja" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst $ echo "Juos gorreválggain lea (dárbbašlaš) deavdit gáibádusa boasttu olmmoš, man mielde lahtuid." | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst $ echo "(gáfe) 'ja' ja 3. ja? ц jaja ukjend \"ukjend\"" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst $ echo "márffibiillagáffe" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst ``` Pmatch documentation: <https://github.com/hfst/hfst/wiki/HfstPmatch> Characters which have analyses in the lexicon, but can appear without spaces before/after, that is, with no context conditions, and adjacent to words: * Punct contains ASCII punctuation marks * The symbol after m-dash is soft-hyphen `U+00AD` * The symbol following {•} is byte-order-mark / zero-width no-break space `U+FEFF`. Whitespace contains ASCII white space and the List contains some unicode white space characters * En Quad U+2000 to Zero-Width Joiner U+200d' * Narrow No-Break Space U+202F * Medium Mathematical Space U+205F * Word joiner U+2060 Apart from what's in our morphology, there are 1. unknown word-like forms, and 2. unmatched strings We want to give 1) a match, but let 2) be treated specially by `hfst-tokenise -a` Unknowns are made of: * lower-case ASCII * upper-case ASCII * select extended latin symbols ASCII digits * select symbols * Combining diacritics as individual symbols, * various symbols from Private area (probably Microsoft), so far: * U+F0B7 for "x in box" ### Unknown handling Unknowns are tagged ?? and treated specially with `hfst-tokenise` hfst-tokenise --giella-cg will treat such empty analyses as unknowns, and remove empty analyses from other readings. Empty readings are also legal in CG, they get a default baseform equal to the wordform, but no tag to check, so it's safer to let hfst-tokenise handle them. Finally we mark as a token any sequence making up a: * known word in context * unknown (OOV) token in context * sequence of word and punctuation * URL in context * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmscript](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-cor/blob/main/tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmscript) --- ## tools-tokenisers-tokeniser-gramcheck-gt-desc.pmscript.md ## Grammar checker tokenisation for cor Requires a recent version of HFST (3.10.0 / git revision>=3aecdbc) Then just: ``` $ make $ echo "ja, ja" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst ``` More usage examples: ``` $ echo "Juos gorreválggain lea (dárbbašlaš) deavdit gáibádusa boasttu olmmoš, man mielde lahtuid." | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst $ echo "(gáfe) 'ja' ja 3. ja? ц jaja ukjend \"ukjend\"" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst $ echo "márffibiillagáffe" | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst ``` Pmatch documentation: <https://github.com/hfst/hfst/wiki/HfstPmatch> Characters which have analyses in the lexicon, but can appear without spaces before/after, that is, with no context conditions, and adjacent to words: * Punct contains ASCII punctuation marks * The symbol after m-dash is soft-hyphen `U+00AD` * The symbol following {•} is byte-order-mark / zero-width no-break space `U+FEFF`. Whitespace contains ASCII white space and the List contains some unicode white space characters * En Quad U+2000 to Zero-Width Joiner U+200d' * Narrow No-Break Space U+202F * Medium Mathematical Space U+205F * Word joiner U+2060 Apart from what's in our morphology, there are 1) unknown word-like forms, and 2) unmatched strings We want to give 1) a match, but let 2) be treated specially by hfst-tokenise -a * select extended latin symbols * select symbols * various symbols from Private area (probably Microsoft), so far: * U+F0B7 for "x in box" TODO: Could use something like this, but built-in's don't include šžđčŋ: Simply give an empty reading when something is unknown: hfst-tokenise --giella-cg will treat such empty analyses as unknowns, and remove empty analyses from other readings. Empty readings are also legal in CG, they get a default baseform equal to the wordform, but no tag to check, so it's safer to let hfst-tokenise handle them. Finally we mark as a token any sequence making up a: * known word in context * unknown (OOV) token in context * sequence of word and punctuation * URL in context * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-gramcheck-gt-desc.pmscript](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-cor/blob/main/tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-gramcheck-gt-desc.pmscript) --- ## tools-tokenisers-tokeniser-tts-cggt-desc.pmscript.md ## TTS tokenisation for smj Requires a recent version of HFST (3.10.0 / git revision>=3aecdbc) Then just: ```sh make echo "ja, ja" \ | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst ``` More usage examples: ```sh echo "Juos gorreválggain lea (dárbbašlaš) deavdit gáibádusa \ boasttu olmmoš, man mielde lahtuid." \ | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst echo "(gáfe) 'ja' ja 3. ja? ц jaja ukjend \"ukjend\"" \ | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst echo "márffibiillagáffe" \ | hfst-tokenise --giella-cg tokeniser-disamb-gt-desc.pmhfst ``` Pmatch documentation: <https://kitwiki.csc.fi/twiki/bin/view/KitWiki/HfstPmatch> Characters which have analyses in the lexicon, but can appear without spaces before/after, that is, with no context conditions, and adjacent to words: * Punct contains ASCII punctuation marks * The symbol after m-dash is soft-hyphen `U+00AD` * The symbol following {•} is byte-order-mark / zero-width no-break space `U+FEFF`. Whitespace contains ASCII white space and the List contains some unicode white space characters * En Quad U+2000 to Zero-Width Joiner U+200d' * Narrow No-Break Space U+202F * Medium Mathematical Space U+205F * Word joiner U+2060 Apart from what's in our morphology, there are 1) unknown word-like forms, and 2) unmatched strings We want to give 1) a match, but let 2) be treated specially by hfst-tokenise -a * select extended latin symbols * select symbols * various symbols from Private area (probably Microsoft), so far: * U+F0B7 for "x in box" TODO: Could use something like this, but built-in's don't include šžđčŋ: Simply give an empty reading when something is unknown: hfst-tokenise --giella-cg will treat such empty analyses as unknowns, and remove empty analyses from other readings. Empty readings are also legal in CG, they get a default baseform equal to the wordform, but no tag to check, so it's safer to let hfst-tokenise handle them. Needs hfst-tokenise to output things differently depending on the tag they get * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-tts-cggt-desc.pmscript](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-cor/blob/main/tools/tokenisers/tokeniser-tts-cggt-desc.pmscript)