Udmurt language model documentation

All doc-comment documentation in one large file.

src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

Sets for POS sub-categories
Sets for Semantic tags
Sets for Morphosyntactic properties
Sets for verbs
V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should be the ones without an N tag following the V.
The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.
The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions
NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features
The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets

These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.

The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)

Miscellaneous sets
Border sets and their complements
Syntactic sets

These were the set types.

HABITIVE MAPPING

hab1
hab2
hab3 ( @ADVL>) for hab-actor and hab-case; if leat to the right, and Nom to the right of leat. Lots of restrictions.
habNomLeft
hab4
hab6
hab7
hab8 This is not HAB
hab5 This is not HAB
habDain ( @ADVL>) for (Pron Dem Pl Loc) if leat followed by Nom to the right
habGen ( @<ADVL) hab for Gen; if Gen is located in the end of the sentence and Nom is sentence initial
spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.
Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.
Hab>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween HAB and .
Nom>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween Nom and @<SUBJ.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and some kind of adverb, N Loc, time related word or Po to the left of it. OR: if Ill or @Pron< to the left, followed by copulas and the before mentioned to the left of copulas.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom, but not for Pers. To the left boahtit or heaŋgát as MAINV, and futher to the left is some kind of place related word, or time related word
<spredQst1 ( @<SUBJ) for Nom in a typically question sentence; if A) Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. B) same as a, only the Qst-pcle is attached to copulas. C) Qst to the left, with copulas to its left, but not if two Nom:s are found somewhere to the right. D) copulas to the left, and BOS to the left. E) Loc or Ill to the left, and Loc or Hab to the left of this, Qst and copulas to the left. F) Num @>N to the left, Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. NOTE) for all these rules; human, Loc or Sem/Plc not allowed to the right.
<spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.
Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas
<spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas
<spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive
leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.
<spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor
NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom
<spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom
<spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom
<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.
<spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess
spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.
HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.
GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial
spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)
r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.
AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas
SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas
Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right
spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.
subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)
subj>Du (@SUBJ>) for dual nominatives, including Coll Nom. VFIN + Du3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives
subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.
<subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.
<advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.
<advlPoPr (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the left.
advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.
advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.
advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.
comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.
advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.
<advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.
cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.
<opredAAcc (@<OPRED) for A Acc; if an other accusative to the left, and a transtive verb to the left of it. OR: if a transitive verb to the left, and an accusative to the left of it.

sma object

<advlEss (@<ADVL) for ESS-ADVL if; FMAINV to the left
<spredEss (@<SPRED) for N Ess if; FMAINV to the left is intransitive or bargat

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives-old.lexc.md

UDMURT Adjective inflection

Udmurt adjectives inflect for:

Number
Case
Determinativity (Absolutive / Determinative)
Comparative (TODO: can comparative co-occur with other stuff?)

Determinative notes

When an adjective occurs in determinative, it must agree for number and case. However, when determinative co-occurs with certain cases, these cases have alternate forms.

The cases with alternate forms are:

Accusative singular, plural
Inessive singular, plural
Illative singular, plural
Elative singular, plural

Note that these alternative suffixes have palatal and non-palatal versions

Nom.	бадӟым-ез гурт	бадӟым-ъёс-ыз гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-ын	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-э	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым-ысьты-з гурт-ысь	бадӟым-ъёс-ысьты-з гурт-ъёс-ысь

Nom.	пичи-ез бакча	пичи-ос-ыз бакча-ос
Iness.	пичи-я-з бакча-ын	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ын
Illat.	пичи-я-з бакча-е	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ы
Elat.	пичи-ысьты-з бакча-ысь	пичи-ос-ысьты-з бакча-ос-ысь

TODO: ordering of suffixes sometimes differs? Compare this with possession morph.

бадӟым-ъёс-ысьты-з
ADJ - PL - CASE - DET
vs
бадӟым-ъёс-ыз-лэн
ADJ - PL - DET - CASE

Plurality in Determinative Note that there are two options for how plural attributive adjectives may appear. One option is the aforementioned, another option is for plural to appear twice.

In this situation, one of the plurals has a different form: These examples are from Udmurtin kielioppi:

Absolutive congruence

Case	Yks.	Mon.
Nom.	бадӟым гурт	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым гурт-ын	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым гурт-э	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым гурт-ысь	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ысь

TODO: what is the difference?

Determinative Plural with congruence

Case	Abs.	Det.
Nom.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс	бадӟым-есь-ёс-ыз гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ын	бадӟым-есь-ёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ы	бадӟым-есь-ёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ысь	бадӟым-есь-ёс-ысьты-з гурт-ъёс-ысь

words with this contlex have not been examined

Cases here all lead to a determinative suffix

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives-old.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives.lexc.md

UDMURT Adjective inflection

Udmurt adjectives inflect for:

Number
Case
Determinativity (Absolutive / Determinative)
Comparative (TODO: can comparative co-occur with other stuff?)

Determinative notes

When an adjective occurs in determinative, it must agree for number and case. However, when determinative co-occurs with certain cases, these cases have alternate forms.

The cases with alternate forms are:

Accusative singular, plural
Inessive singular, plural
Illative singular, plural
Elative singular, plural

Note that these alternative suffixes have palatal and non-palatal versions

Nom.	бадӟым-ез гурт	бадӟым-ъёс-ыз гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-ын	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-э	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым-ысьты-з гурт-ысь	бадӟым-ъёс-ысьты-з гурт-ъёс-ысь

Nom.	пичи-ез бакча	пичи-ос-ыз бакча-ос
Iness.	пичи-я-з бакча-ын	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ын
Illat.	пичи-я-з бакча-е	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ы
Elat.	пичи-ысьты-з бакча-ысь	пичи-ос-ысьты-з бакча-ос-ысь

TODO: ordering of suffixes sometimes differs? Compare this with possession morph.

бадӟым-ъёс-ысьты-з
ADJ - PL - CASE - DET
vs
бадӟым-ъёс-ыз-лэн
ADJ - PL - DET - CASE

Plurality in Determinative Note that there are two options for how plural attributive adjectives may appear. One option is the aforementioned, another option is for plural to appear twice.

In this situation, one of the plurals has a different form: These examples are from Udmurtin kielioppi:

Absolutive congruence

Case	Yks.	Mon.
Nom.	бадӟым гурт	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым гурт-ын	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым гурт-э	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым гурт-ысь	бадӟым(-есь) гурт-ъёс-ысь

TODO: what is the difference?

Determinative Plural with congruence

Case	Abs.	Det.
Nom.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс	бадӟым-есь-ёс-ыз гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ын	бадӟым-есь-ёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ы	бадӟым-есь-ёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым-есь гурт-ъёс-ысь	бадӟым-есь-ёс-ысьты-з гурт-ъёс-ысь

words with this contlex have not been examined

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adverbs.lexc.md

Adverbs

Udmurt (Votyak) .

The adverbs have a minimal morphology, just the tag +Adv.

LEXICON ADV_ Undeveloped contlexes

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adverbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns-old.lexc.md

UDMURT Noun inflection

Nouns in Udmurt inflects for case, number, and possession. Following are some notes for things that need to be done so far, and also an overview of nominal inflection types.

Most Udmurt nouns (the vast majority) do not require changes to the stem as a result of inflection. These nouns however, for FST purposes, fall into some subcategories:

Vowel-final stems, which also take inflectional suffixes ending on (non-yod) vowels (excepting the adverbial)
Consonant-final stems, which take endings beginning on a yodified vowel, if one exists
Diphthongal stems, which also take the yodified vowels.

Some inflectional endings thus may have two alternatives:

Case	Non-yod	Yod
Nominative plural	ос	ёс
Accusative singular	эз	ез
Instrumental singular	эн	ен
Illative singular	э	е
Prolative singular	этӥ	етӥ

Other cases do not vary depending on these environments.

Note that depending on the palatal/nonpalatal status of the last segment, the yodified vowel series may be preceded by a <ъ>. According to references though, the palatal marker <ь> must remain even when followed by this series. Udmurt also has a unique way of handling hiatus relationships, where the non-yod series follows vowels, and the yod series follows consonants.

Also note that though stems may not change, orthographically, there may need to be a hard sign inserted to maintain the non-palatal pronunciation of certain consonant segments.

Some examples:

-V stems

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
бачка	бачкаос	бакчаын	бакчалэн	бачкая
дунне	дуннеос	дуннеын	дуннелэн	дуннея
ты	тыос	тыын	тылэн	тыя

-C stems

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
гурт	гуртъёс	гуртын	гуртлэн	гуртъя
тэль	тельёс	тэлъын	тэлълэн	тэлья
вить	витьёс	витьын	витьлэн	витья

Diphthongs

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
уй	уйёс	уйын	уйлэн	уйя

Russian loans ending in -ия/-ие

Russian loanwords ending on these segments delete the final yodified vowel in all cases, except for the singular adverbial and nominative singular.

Examples:

Nominative Singular	конференци–0–я	собрани–0–е
Nominative Plural	конференци–0–ос	собрани–0–ос
Inessive Singular	конференци–0–ын	собрани–0–ын
Genitive Singular	конференци–0–лэн	собрани–0–лэн
Adverbial Singular	конференци–я–я	собрани–е–я

Note also that Russian stress is preserved in Nominative Singular, but Udmurt stress takes over for inflected forms, and shifts to the final vowel.

This applies to all sorts of Russian words, also including placenames ending in -я, excepting biblical place names, and Russian personal names.

TODO: implement in propernouns

Финляндия - Финляндиын
Эстония - Эстониын

But:

Самария – Самарияын
Евгения – Евгения–лы
Юлия – Юлия–лы

There are also some subtypes, where this deletion does not occur even though the word ends in -я:

Non-russian words ending in -я (Loans from Tatar): чия kirsikka - чия–лы

Place names based on names of old tribes

See affixes/propernouns.lexc, but quickly:

These typically end on -я, –га, –ка, –ра, –ла. When inflecting in some cases, they take an infix which is optional. The optional infix causes short versions of case suffixes, otherwise the words take the long version.

корка / куала

The words корка, куала have some forms similar to the tribe/place names, and some cases behave differently: Inessive, Elative have the short consonant-only suffix, but unlike the tribe/place names, there is no -ла- infix.

TODO: write tests

“Old” Finno-ugric stems (-м-, -г-, -т-)

TODO: add these to lexicon, and add morphology. Consider marking in morphology in a way that NDS can present: син син(м)- TODO: write tests TODO: how to mark the inflectional stems in the lexicon for display in dictionaries, similar to smenob?

<l>muohta</l>
<lc>muohttaga</lc>

Some particularly old words have since experienced some amount of deletion and simplification of clusters. Deleted segments reappear in some forms (inflectional, derivational), but their appearance isn’t completely regular, in that some variation exists, and sometimes the “short” stem without this segment appears where the “long” stem usually would.

Usually, these will also be marked in dictionaries. син син(м)-.

When the possessive is applied to nominative versions of these forms, the possessive will have the vowel -ы- instead of -э- or -е-. Also, the ‘old’ segments appear.

Examples:

-м–

син	син–тэм	синм–ысь	сынм–ы
silmä	sokea	(elat.)	(px. y. 1. p.)
визь	визь–тэк	визьм–о
järki	(abess.)	viisas
куйнь	куйнь–лэсь	куйньм–ой
kolme	(abl.)	3:n päivän kuluessa
	куйнь–етй	~ куйньм–етӥ
	kolmas	kolmas
ин		инм–ын
taivas		(iness.)

-к–

кус	кус–лы	куск–ын	куск–ы
lantio	(dat.)	(iness.)	(Px Sg1)
vyötärö
улеп	улеп–лы	улепк–ын
elävä	(dat.)	(instr.)
nюлэс	нюлэс–лы	нюлэск–ын
metsä	(dat.)	(iness.)
вис	вис–лы	виск–ын
tauko	(dat.)	(iness.)
väli

-т–

кык	кык–намы	кыкт–о
kaksi	me kaksin	kaksoset
		kaksospari
	кык–етӥ	кыкт–ой
	toinen	kahden päivän kuluessa
		кыкт–етӥ
		toinen

Vowel deletion stems

TODO: add to lexicon, also need a morphophonological symbol for these
TODO: write tests

Some stems also delete vowels in specific cases, generally when the stem is attached to a vowel-initial suffix. Alternatively, the vowels may remain, but a epenthetic consonant may appear: -к-

Optional deletion

сэрег	серг–ын
nurkka	(iness.)
kulma
сюлэм	сюлм–ыд	сюлэм–ыд
sydän	(Px Sg2)	(Px Sg2)

Deletion or epenthesis

вадес	вадьс-ын	вадеск–ын
aika, hetki	(iness.)	(iness.)
paikka, palsta
пыдэс	пыдс–ын	пидэск–ын
pohja	(iness.)	(iness.)
удрэс	удрс–ын	удрэск–ын
vierus	(iness.)	(iness.)

NB: palatal quality implied by the yodified vowel in the first example is preserved via a soft sign.

Suffix ordering with possessive construction

The possessive construction results in different case ordering:

N-Num-Poss-Case:

Genetive
Ablative
Dative
Abessive
Adverbial
Approximative
Terminative

N-Num-Case-Poss:

Inessive
Elative
Illative
Egressive
Prolative
Instrumental

Note that since the adjective ‘determinative’ is essentially the 3rd person singular possessive, the above ordering also follows for adjective inflection. Also note, some cases have atlernate forms for when tehy come before the possessive.

Cases with alternate forms:

Accusative singular, plural
Inessive singular, plural
Illative singular, plural
Elative singular, plural

Examples:

Genetive:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-е-лэн	бакча-ед-лэн	бакча-ез-лэн
бакча-ос-ы-лэн	бакча-ос-ыд-лэн	бакча-ос-ыз-лэн

Inessive:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-я-м	бакча-я-д	бакча-я-з
бакча-ос-а-м	бакча-ос-а-д	бакча-ос-а-з

Elative:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-ысьты-м	бакча-ысьты-д	бакча-ысьты-з
бакча-ос-ысьты-м	бакча-ос-ысьты-д	бакча-ос-ысьты-з

TODO: write tests for these ordering situations
TODO: implement these in lexc

Noun Lexica

Words from lexicon N_ are mostly covered. These are from the main class of nouns described in more depth above.

TODO: +Sg: POSTPX ;

Words from Russian in N_RUS_JA end on –ия, but our lexicon entries set the stem as ending in –и, because the final -я appears only in some situations. TODO: possessives

Words from Russian in N_RUS_JE end on –ие, but our lexicon entries set the stem as ending in –и, because the final -е appears only in some situations. TODO: possessives

CASESUF_JE controls the occurrence of the original -е in the stem, which occurs in Nominative and Adverbial cases. Also note that cases with a yodified possibility in their initial vowel use this yodified version.

CASESUF_JA controls the occurrence of the original -я in the stem, which occurs in Nominative and Adverbial cases. Also note that cases with a yodified possibility in their initial vowel use this yodified version.

CASESUF_KORKA controls the output of case suffixes in the корка/куала type which tends to take short case suffixes when they are available.

Words from Tatar in N_TAT preserve the original stem я in all cases.

À la Jaska

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns-old.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns.lexc.md

UDMURT Noun inflection

Nouns in Udmurt inflects for case, number, and possession. Following are some notes for things that need to be done so far, and also an overview of nominal inflection types.

Most Udmurt nouns (the vast majority) do not require changes to the stem as a result of inflection. These nouns however, for FST purposes, fall into some subcategories:

Vowel-final stems, which also take inflectional suffixes ending on (non-yod) vowels (excepting the adverbial)
Consonant-final stems, which take endings beginning on a yodified vowel, if one exists
Diphthongal stems, which also take the yodified vowels.

Some inflectional endings thus may have two alternatives:

Case	Non-yod	Yod
Nominative plural	ос	ёс
Accusative singular	эз	ез
Instrumental singular	эн	ен
Illative singular	э	е
Prolative singular	этӥ	етӥ

Other cases do not vary depending on these environments.

Also note that though stems may not change, orthographically, there may need to be a hard sign inserted to maintain the non-palatal pronunciation of certain consonant segments.

Some examples:

-V stems

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
бакча	бакчаос	бакчаын	бакчалэн	бакчая
дунне	дуннеос	дуннеын	дуннелэн	дуннея
ты	тыос	тыын	тылэн	тыя

-C stems

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
гурт	гуртъёс	гуртын	гуртлэн	гуртъя
тэль	тэльёс	тэльын	тэльлэн	тэлья
вить	витьёс	витьын	витьлэн	витья

Diphthongs

NomSg	NomPl	IneSg	GenSg	Advl Sg
уй	уйёс	уйын	уйлэн	уйя

Russian loans ending in -ия/-ие

Russian loanwords ending on these segments delete the final yodified vowel in all cases, except for the singular adverbial and nominative singular.

Examples:

Nominative Singular	конференци–0–я	собрани–0–е
Nominative Plural	конференци–0–ос	собрани–0–ос
Inessive Singular	конференци–0–ын	собрани–0–ын
Genitive Singular	конференци–0–лэн	собрани–0–лэн
Adverbial Singular	конференци–я–я	собрани–е–я

Note also that Russian stress is preserved in Nominative Singular, but Udmurt stress takes over for inflected forms, and shifts to the final vowel.

This applies to all sorts of Russian words, also including placenames ending in -я, excepting biblical place names, and Russian personal names.

TODO: implement in propernouns

Финляндия - Финляндиын
Эстония - Эстониын

But:

Самария – Самарияын
Евгения – Евгения–лы
Юлия – Юлия–лы

There are also some subtypes, where this deletion does not occur even though the word ends in -я:

Non-russian words ending in -я (Loans from Tatar): чия kirsikka - чия–лы

Place names based on names of old tribes

See affixes/propernouns.lexc, but quickly:

корка / куала

TODO: write tests

“Old” Finno-ugric stems (-м-, -г-, -т-)

<l>muohta</l>
<lc>muohttaga</lc>

Usually, these will also be marked in dictionaries. син син(м)-.

When the possessive is applied to nominative versions of these forms, the possessive will have the vowel -ы- instead of -э- or -е-. Also, the ‘old’ segments appear.

Examples:

-м–

син	син–тэм	синм–ысь	сынм–ы
silmä	sokea	(elat.)	(px. y. 1. p.)
визь	визь–тэк	визьм–о
järki	(abess.)	viisas
куйнь	куйнь–лэсь	куйньм–ой
kolme	(abl.)	3:n päivän kuluessa
	куйнь–етй	~ куйньм–етӥ
	kolmas	kolmas
ин		инм–ын
taivas		(iness.)

-к–

кус	кус–лы	куск–ын	куск–ы
lantio	(dat.)	(iness.)	(Px Sg1)
vyötärö
улеп	улеп–лы	улепк–ын
elävä	(dat.)	(instr.)
nюлэс	нюлэс–лы	нюлэск–ын
metsä	(dat.)	(iness.)
вис	вис–лы	виск–ын
tauko	(dat.)	(iness.)
väli

-т–

кык	кык–намы	кыкт–о
kaksi	me kaksin	kaksoset
		kaksospari
	кык–етӥ	кыкт–ой
	toinen	kahden päivän kuluessa
		кыкт–етӥ
		toinen

Vowel deletion stems

TODO: add to lexicon, also need a morphophonological symbol for these
TODO: write tests

Some stems also delete vowels in specific cases, generally when the stem is attached to a vowel-initial suffix. Alternatively, the vowels may remain, but a epenthetic consonant may appear: -к-

Optional deletion

сэрег	серг–ын
nurkka	(iness.)
kulma
сюлэм	сюлм–ыд	сюлэм–ыд
sydän	(Px Sg2)	(Px Sg2)

Deletion or epenthesis

вадес	вадьс-ын	вадеск–ын
aika, hetki	(iness.)	(iness.)
paikka, palsta
пыдэс	пыдс–ын	пидэск–ын
pohja	(iness.)	(iness.)
урдэс	урдс–ын	урдэск–ын
vierus	(iness.)	(iness.)

NB: palatal quality implied by the yodified vowel in the first example is preserved via a soft sign.

Suffix ordering with possessive construction

The possessive construction results in different case ordering:

N-Num-Poss-Case:

Genetive
Ablative
Dative
Abessive
Adverbial
Approximative
Terminative

N-Num-Case-Poss:

Inessive
Elative
Illative
Egressive
Prolative
Instrumental

Cases with alternate forms:

Accusative singular, plural
Inessive singular, plural
Illative singular, plural
Elative singular, plural

Examples:

Genetive:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-е-лэн	бакча-ед-лэн	бакча-ез-лэн
бакча-ос-ы-лэн	бакча-ос-ыд-лэн	бакча-ос-ыз-лэн

Inessive:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-я-м	бакча-я-д	бакча-я-з
бакча-ос-а-м	бакча-ос-а-д	бакча-ос-а-з

Elative:

Px 1pSg	Px 2pSg	Px 3pSg
бакча-ысьты-м	бакча-ысьты-д	бакча-ысьты-з
бакча-ос-ысьты-м	бакча-ос-ысьты-д	бакча-ос-ысьты-з

TODO: write tests for these ordering situations
TODO: implement these in lexc

Noun Lexica Words from lexicon N_Y are characterized by the onset vowel ы instead of э ки, кыл, ныл, ним

Words from lexicon N_ are mostly covered. These are from the main class of nouns described in more depth above.

this nouns, as well as коала, have special +N+Sg+Ine endings in “н” TODO: +N+Sg+Ine endings in “н”

Words from Russian in N_RUS_JA end in –ия, our lexicon entries set the stem as ending in –ия, but there is a trigger that causes the final “я” to disappear in some situations.

Words from Russian in N_RUS_JE end in –ие, our lexicon entries set the stem as ending in –ие, but there is a trigger that causes the final “е” to disappear in some situations.

Words from Tatar in N_TAT preserve the original stem я in all cases.

according to kpv temporary 2019-11-07

LEXICON CASEPOSSLEX
LEXICON NMN_END-IN-Ч/ДЗ водз:водз

À la Jaska

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-pronouns.lexc.md

UDMURT Pronoun inflection

Udmurt adjectives inflect for:

Number
Case
Determinativity (Absolutive / Determinative)
Comparative (TODO: can comparative co-occur with other stuff?)

Determinative notes

When an adjective occurs in determinative, it must agree for number and case. However, when determinative co-occurs with certain cases, these cases have alternate forms.

The cases with alternate forms are:

Accusative singular, plural
Inessive singular, plural
Illative singular, plural
Elative singular, plural

Note that these alternative suffixes have palatal and non-palatal versions

Nom.	бадӟым-ез гурт	бадӟым-ъёс-ыз гурт-ъёс
Iness.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-ын	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ын
Illat.	бадӟым-а-з гурт-э	бадӟым-ъёс-а-з гурт-ъёс-ы
Elat.	бадӟым-ысьты-з гурт-ысь	бадӟым-ъёс-ысьты-з гурт-ъёс-ысь

Nom.	пичи-ез бакча	пичи-ос-ыз бакча-ос
Iness.	пичи-я-з бакча-ын	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ын
Illat.	пичи-я-з бакча-е	пичи-ос-а-з бакча-ос-ы
Elat.	пичи-ысьты-з бакча-ысь	пичи-ос-ысьты-з бакча-ос-ысь

TODO: ordering of suffixes sometimes differs? Compare this with possession morph.

words with this contlex have not been examined

LEXICON PERS
мон+Pron+Pers+Sg1:м PRON-PERS-SG1_ ; …

мон:м

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/pronouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-propernouns.lexc.md

Udmurt Proper noun inflection

Place names based on names of old tribes

These words typically end on -я, –га, –ка, –ра, –ла. When inflecting in some cases, they take an infix which is optional.

The following may be exhaustive, but unsure yet.

-я: Салья, Монья, Кибъя, Чабъя, Ӟумъя, Вамъя
-га: Можга, Пурга, Дурга, Нылга, Эбга, Коньга
-ка: Поска
-ра: Бигра, Эгра
-ла: Чола

Infix is optional in some cases

Case

Infix

No infix

Iness.	Салья-ла-н	Салья-ын
Illat.	Салья-ла	Салья-е
Elat.	Салья-ла-сь	Салья-ысь
Egress.	Салья-ла-сен	Салья-ысен

The following cases do not have the infix at all

Case

No infix

Terminat.	Салья-озь
Prol.	Салья-тӥ
Appr.	Салья-лань

So far the PROP (underline) lexicon is a dummy pexicon that just gives +N+Prop, and then redirects to NOUNSUF_01.

Words from lexicon PROP_HEIMONNIMET are “old” tribe and place names, which have an optional infix for some cases, while some do not.

In HEIMO_SUFFIXES_LA, we append the cases with their post-ла realizations. Examples: | Case | Infix | No infix

Iness.	Салья-ла-н	Салья-ын
Illat.	Салья-ла	Салья-е
Elat.	Салья-ла-сь	Салья-ысь
Egress.	Салья-ла-сен	Салья-ысен

Note also that the infix results in a ‘short’ case affix.

In HEIMO_SUFFIXES_NIL, the word gets cases with no infix.

Case

wordform

Terminat.	Салья-озь
Prol.	Салья-тӥ
Appr.	Салья-лань

Russian type Surnames

Preparing for the template urj-Cyrl Beginning 2012-11-15

:2 PropSur-kal ; These are foreign Л words

Абдеев:Абдеев

Багрий:Багр

Аморский:Аморск

These are vowel-final stems They have previously received +Sem/Fem tags

Should this be limited to +Sg? 2015-09-06

Вили:Вил

Андрей:Андре

Ending 2012-11-15

FEMALE NAMES FROM TEMPLATE

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/propernouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-symbols.lexc.md

Symbol affixes

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/symbols.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs-old.lexc.md

Udmurt verb inflection Udmurt verbs are mainly split into two types:

conjugation I, whose stems mostly end on ы (ex. мыны-ны ‘go’, юы-ны ‘drink’, вераськы-ны ‘speak’)
conjugation II, whose stems mostly end on а/я (ex. ужа.ны ‘work’, келя.ны ‘send, put’, кырӟа.ны ‘sing’)

Conjugation I verbs also may have a ‘short’ stem, which subtracts the final ы. The rule is not necessarily as simple as suffixes that begin on consonants require a vowel-ending stem, because there are some exceptions. Following is a list of things that use the short stem (so far incomplete, but feel free to add to it)

All forms of the present affirmative
All forms of the present negative
All forms of the future affirmative
All forms of the future negative
Preterite II Negative?
Caritive gerund?

And the long stem:

Infinitive
Conditional affirmative, negative
basic gerund, temporal gerund, fourth gerund ?
gerunds: instrumental -(э)мен/-(е)мен, elative -(э)мысь/-(е)мысь ?

There are some orthographic things to consider, and they show up in the way verbs are inflected. The palatizing series [d z l n s t] is represented in two ways: vowel letters following, or by the palatizing symbol.

возьыны .. возе .. возисько бертыны .. бертэ .. бертӥсько

LEXICON V_ Verb type is still to be determined.

Typical V_MONO entry is the long stem, ending on <ы> берты, возьы

бертыны:берт V_MONO “mennä kotiin” ;

Lexicon V_MONO

Yaml: mynyny

Lexicon V_UZA

Yaml: uzhany

возь > .. возе .. возисько берт > .. бертэ .. бертӥсько

Lexicon OPRS NB: here we use non-palatal vowels, and shift them to palatal variants in phonology

Lexicon APRS

Lexicon FUTPAST

Lexicon FUTPASTSG

Lexicon FUTPASTPL

Lexicon FUTPASTPLSHORT

Lexicon FUT-PERSON

Lexicon PRTI-PERSON

Lexicon PRTII-PERSON

Lexicon COND

Lexicon IMPRT

Lexicon OPT

Lexicon NONFINITES

Mutual à la Jaska мыныны:мыны Lexicon V_МЫНЫНЫ

Yaml: mynyny

Lexicon APRSjaska

Lexicon FUT-PERSONjaska

Lexicon PRTI-PERSONjaska

Lexicon PRTII-PERSONjaska

Lexicon CONDjaska

Lexicon IMPRTjaska

Lexicon OPTjaska

Lexicon NONFINITESjaska

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs-old.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

Udmurt verb inflection Udmurt verbs are mainly split into two types:

conjugation I, whose stems mostly end on ы (ex. мыны-ны ‘go’, юы-ны ‘drink’, вераськы-ны ‘speak’)
conjugation II, whose stems mostly end on а/я (ex. ужа.ны ‘work’, келя.ны ‘send, put’, кырӟа.ны ‘sing’)

All forms of the present affirmative
All forms of the present negative
All forms of the future affirmative
All forms of the future negative
Preterite II Negative?
Caritive gerund?

And the long stem:

Infinitive
Conditional affirmative, negative
basic gerund, temporal gerund, fourth gerund ?
gerunds: instrumental -(э)мен/-(е)мен, elative -(э)мысь/-(е)мысь ?

There are some orthographic things to consider, and they show up in the way verbs are inflected. The palatizing series [[d z l n s t] is represented in two ways: vowel letters following, or by the palatizing symbol.

возьыны .. возе .. возисько бертыны .. бертэ .. бертӥсько

LEXICON V_ Verb type is still to be determined.

Typical V_MONO entry is the long stem, ending on <ы> берты, возьы

бертыны:берт V_MONO “mennä kotiin” ;

Lexicon V_MONO мыныны:мыны

Yaml: mynyny , This is first declension

words that do not occur alone Russian verbs are often followed by the Udmurt карыны OR карон

Lexicon V_UZA

Yaml: uzhany , this is second declension

Mutual à la Jaska мыныны:мыны Lexicon V_МЫНЫНЫ

Yaml: mynyny

Lexicon APRS

Lexicon FUT-PERSON

Lexicon PRTI-PERSON

Lexicon PRTII-PERSON

Lexicon COND

Lexicon IMPRT

Lexicon OPT

Lexicon NONFINITES

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-phonology.twolc.md

Udmurt twol file

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Alphabet, Sets and Definitions

Letters of the alphabet

а б в г д е ё ж ӝ з ӟ и ӥ й к л м н о ӧ п р с т у ф х ц ч ӵ ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж Ӝ З Ӟ И Ӥ Й К Л М Н О Ӧ П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ӵ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

Archiphonemes for vowels

%^@:0 This apparently causes :о +V+Ind+PrtII:%>еме%>%^@ +V+Ind+Fut:%>о%>%^@ +V+Ind+PrtI:%>и%>%^@

Triggers

%^ConsTransf:0
%^KIN:0 with ӓвӓ in +PxSg1+Sg+Gen etc.
%^RusJa:0 Эстония:Эстониез
%^RusJaErr:0 Эстония:Эстонияез
%^NotRusJa:0 no words in ия ие
%^SYNC:0
%^ЫLossVar:0 This is used for мыныны: мыны ~ мын
%^ЫLoss:0 This is used for мыныны: мын
Ы2:0 morpheme initial disappears after vowel ы 0
%^Е2:0 morpheme initial disappears after vowel е э 0
%^И2:0 morpheme initial disappears after vowel и ӥ 0
%^О2:о morpheme initial disappears after vowel also ло after stem-final а
%^Е3:е %^Е3:э %^Е3:ы Acc, Ill е э ы
%^Ы3:и %^Ы3:ы Acc, PX in some nouns
%^А3:0 Ine а, я
%^Л3:0 ужаны:ужало
%^К3:0 нюлэс:нюлэс%^К3
%^М3:0 син:син%^М3
%{еэ%}:е morpheme initial vowel е э , e.g. Acc

Boundary symbols

%>
hash #
%-

Sets

Definitions

Rules

DEPALATALISATION

Depalatalize и

Depalatalize е

мыны%>%^Е2
мын0%>э

**Depalatalized %{еэ%} **

укмысназ%>%{еэ%}с
укмысназ%>эс

Depalatalize и

мыны%>%^И2сько
мын0%>ӥсько

Depalatalize е3:е

бакча%>%^Е3
бакча%>е

Depalatalize е3:э

Depalatalize е3:е

Depalatalize Ы3:ы

Depalatalize and raise е3:ы

Depalatalize and raise ё:о

корка%>ъёс
корка%>0ос
собрание%^RusJa%>ъёс
собрани00%>0ос

%^А3:а

%^О2:о

мыны%>%^О2
мын0%>о
ужа%>0%^О2
ужа%>ло

Palatal %^О2:ё

Palatal э:е

Palatal е

Palatal и

луы%>%^И2з
лу0%>из

Palatal а

Palatal и:й

VOWEL LOSS

Is this really necessary **Stem vowel loss ы:0 LEFT **

луы%>%^Е2м
лу0%>эм

Stem vowel loss Ы2:0 RIGHT

луы%>%^Е2м
лу0%>эм
мыны#
мыны0
мын00
возьы#
возьы0
возь00

я:0

е:0

е:ь

э:0

Palatal е:0

Palatal и:0

%^О2:0

ужа%>%^О2
ужа%>0

й:0

ь:0

возь%>Ы2#
возь%>ы0

ъ:0

корка%>ъёс
корка%>0ос
собрание%^RusJa%>ъёс
собрани00%>0ос

ZERO TO CONSONANT

%^Л3:л

ужа%>%^Л3%^О2
ужа%>ло

CONSONANTS

Devoicing д:т

Devoicing з:с

Surface consonant before vowel %^К3:к

Surface consonant before vowel %^М3:м

Disallow %^NotRusJa after cons or other vowels

Disallow %^RusJa after cons or other vowels

Disallow %^RusJaErr after cons or other vowels

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc

src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md

Morphology INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSER OF UNDEFINED LANGUAGE.

Definitions for Multichar_Symbols

Analysis symbols The morphological analyses of wordforms for the UDMURT language are presented in this system in terms of the following symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags).

+WORK The parts-of-speech are:
+N Noun
+A Adjective
+Adv Adverb
+Det Determiner
+V Verb
+Pron Pronoun
+CS Subordinating conjunction
+CC Coordinating conjunction
+Adp Adposition
+Po Postposition
+Pr Preposition
+Interj Interjection
+Pcle Particle
+Num Numeral
+Conj FIXME

The parts of speech are further split up into:

+Prop Proper
+Pers Personal
+Dem Demonstrative
+Interr Interrogative
+Refl Reflexive
+Recipr Reciprocal
+Rel Relative
+Indef Indefinite

The Usage extents are marked using following tags:

+Err/Orth Not in norm
+Use/-Spell Not in speller
+OLang/RUS - Russian
+RusV this is for Russian verbs followed by Udmurt карыны OR карон

The nominals are inflected in the following Number

+Sg Singular
+Du Dual
+Pl Plural

The nominals are inflected in the following Case TODO: Document case names!

+Cmpl Absolute form 2019-06-03 is complement of following head 2019-11-21 do we want this
+Nom Nominative
+Acc Accusative
+Gen Genitive
+Abl Ablative
+Dat Dative
+Ins Instrumental
+Abe Abessive
+Advl Adverbial
+Ine Inessive
+Ill Illative
+Ela Elative
+Egr Egressive
+Ter Terminative
+Prl Prolative
+Apr Approximative

The possession is marked as such:

+PxSg1
+PxSg2
+PxSg3
+PxPl1
+PxPl2
+PxPl3

The comparative forms are:

+Comp Comparative
+Superl Superlative

Numerals are classified under:

+Attr Attributive form (adnominal)
+Card Cardinal
+Ord Ordinal

Verb moods are: +Cond Conditional +Imprt Imperative +Ind Indicative +Opt Optional

Verb tenses are: +Fut Future +Prs Present +PrtI Preterite One +PrtII Preterite Two

Verb personal forms are:

+Sg1
+Sg2
+Sg3
+Du1
+Du2
+Du3
+Pl1
+Pl2
+Pl3

Other verb forms are: (TODO: Document the tags)

+Inf Infinitive
+Ger Gerund
+ConNeg Connegative (used with verb of negation)
+ConNegII Connegative (used with verb of negation) ?Does this apply to Udmurt?
+Neg Negation, (used to mark verb of negation)
+ImprtII Imperative II, ?Does this apply to Udmurt? +PrcPrsPos Participle present positive +PrcPrfAdn Participle perfect adnominal +PrcPrfPred Participle perfect predicative +PrcPrfNeg Participle perfect negative +PrcPrsNeg Participle present negative CHECKME +GerPos мыныса Gerund positive +GerNeg мынытэк Gerund negative +GerTer мынытозь Gerund terminative +GerTemp мыныку Gerund temporal
+Sup Supine
+VGen Verbal genitive
+VAbess Verbal abesive
+Prc This is only for the dictionary at present 2019-06-04
+ABBR Abbreviation
+ACR Acronym

Special symbols are classified with:

+CLB Clause boundary
+PUNCT Punctuation
+LEFT The left in paired punctuation, e.g. %‹+PUNCT+LEFT
+RIGHT The right in paired punctuation, e.g. %)+PUNCT+RIGHT

The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity:

+TV Transitive
+IV Intransitive

Special multiword units are analysed with:

+Multi Multiword phrase tag Non-dictionary words can be recognised with:
+Guess machine guessed

Question and Focus particles:

+Qst Question
+Foc Focus

Tags distinguishing different versions of the same lemma (before POS)

+v1
+v2
+v3
+v4
+v5
+v6
+v7
+v8
+v9
+v10
+v11
+v12
+v13
+v14
+v15
+v16
+v17
+v18
+v19
+v20
+Sem/Act Activity
+Sem/Amount Amount
+Sem/Ani Animate
+Sem/Aniprod Animal Product
+Sem/Body Bodypart
+Sem/Body-abstr siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
+Sem/Build Building
+Sem/Build-part Part of Bulding, like the closet
+Sem/Cat Category
+Sem/Clth Clothes
+Sem/Clth-jewl Jewelery
+Sem/Clth-part part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji…
+Sem/Ctain Container
+Sem/Ctain-abstr Abstract container like bank account
+Sem/Ctain-clth
+Sem/Curr Currency like dollár, Not Money
+Sem/Dance Dance
+Sem/Dir Direction like GPS-kursa
+Sem/Domain Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
+Sem/Drink Drink
+Sem/Dummytag Dummytag
+Sem/Edu Educational event
+Sem/Event Event
+Sem/Feat Feature, like Árvu
+Sem/Feat-phys Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
+Sem/Feat-psych Psychological feauture
+Sem/Feat-measr Psychological feauture
+Sem/Fem Female name
+Sem/Food Food
+Sem/Food-med Medicine
+Sem/Furn Furniture
+Sem/Game Game
+Sem/Geom Geometrical object
+Sem/Group Animal or Human Group
+Sem/Hum Human
+Sem/Hum-abstr Human abstract
+Sem/Ideol Ideology
+Sem/Lang Language
+Sem/Mal Male name
+Sem/Mat Material for producing things
+Sem/Measr Measure
+Sem/Money Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
+Sem/Obj Object
+Sem/Obj-clo Cloth
+Sem/Obj-cogn Cloth
+Sem/Obj-el (Electrical) machine or apparatus
+Sem/Obj-ling Object with something written on it
+Sem/Obj-rope flexible ropelike object
+Sem/Obj-surfc Surface object
+Sem/Org Organisation
+Sem/Part Feature, oassi, bealli
+Sem/Perc-cogn Cognative perception
+Sem/Perc-emo Emotional perception
+Sem/Perc-phys Physical perception
+Sem/Perc-psych Physical perception
+Sem/Plant Plant
+Sem/Plant-part Plant part
+Sem/Plc Place
+Sem/Plc-abstr Abstract place
+Sem/Plc-elevate Place
+Sem/Plc-line Place
+Sem/Plc-water Place
+Sem/Pos Position (as in social position job)
+Sem/Process Process
+Sem/Prod Product
+Sem/Prod-audio Audio product
+Sem/Prod-cogn Cognition product
+Sem/Prod-ling Linguistic product
+Sem/Prod-vis Visual product
+Sem/Rel Relation
+Sem/Route Name of a Route
+Sem/Rule Rule or convention
+Sem/Semcon Semantic concept
+Sem/Sign Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
+Sem/Sport Sport
+Sem/State
+Sem/State-sick Illness
+Sem/Substnc Substance, like Air and Water
+Sem/Sur Surname
+Sem/Sur-Fem Surname
+Sem/Sur-Mal Surname
+Sem/Symbol Symbol
+Sem/Time Time
+Sem/Tool Prototypical tool for repairing things
+Sem/Tool-catch Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
+Sem/Tool-clean Tool used for cleaning
+Sem/Tool-it Tool used in IT
+Sem/Tool-measr Tool used for measuring
+Sem/Tool-music Music instrument
+Sem/Tool-write Writing tool
+Sem/Txt Text (girji, lávlla…)
+Sem/Veh Vehicle
+Sem/Wpn Weapon
+Sem/Wthr The Weather or the state of ground

Semantics are classified with

Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.

+V→N
+V→V
+V→A +Der/ку мыныку ужаку +Der/ны мыныны ужаны +Der/Он мынон ужан +Der/Оно мыноно ужано +Der/тозь мынытозь ужатозь +Der/тэм мынӥсьтэм ужасьтэм +Der/Эм мынэм ужам +Der/Эмтэ мынэмтэ ужамтэ +Der/Этӥ ordinals

Dialectical variation

+Dial/North
+Dial/South

Morphophonology To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files:

%^@ This apparently causes :о +V+Ind+PrtII:%>еме%>%^@ +V+Ind+Fut:%>о%>%^@ +V+Ind+PrtI:%>и%>%^@

%^Ы2 morpheme initial disappears after vowel
%^Е2 morpheme initial disappears after vowel
%^И2 morpheme initial disappears after vowel
%^О2 morpheme initial disappears after vowel also ло after stem-final а
%^Е3 Acc, Ill е э ы
%^Ы3 Acc, PX in some nouns
%^А3 Ine а, я
%^Л3 ужаны:ужало
%^К3 нюлэс:нюлэсК3
%^М3 син:синМ3
%{еэ%} morpheme initial vowel е э , e.g. Acc

And following triggers to control variation

%^RusJa Эстония:Эстониез
%^RusJaErr Эстония:Эстонияез
%^NotRusJa no words in ия ие
%^SYNC
%^ЫLossVar This is used for мыныны: мыны ~ мын
%^ЫLoss This is used for мыныны: мын

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

»
«
(escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with > as morpheme boundary)
< (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with < as morpheme boundary)

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again: | @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm. | @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first | @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX | @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds | @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R | @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding | @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding | @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R | @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

The word forms in Udmurt language start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes, or optionally from prefixes:

ABBR_udm2x ; abbreviations Testing 2019-11-07 Testing 2019-11-07
A_NEWWORDS ; These are new adjectives without translations
N_NEWWORDS ; These are new nouns without translations
V_NEWWORDS ; These are new verbs without translations

ABBREVIATIONS these still need development 2015-11-03

AdjTag ; AdvTag ; AdjTag ; AdvTag ; DescrTag ; AdjTag ; AdvTag ; PcleTag ; AdjTag ; NumTag ; AdjTag ; NTag ; AdjTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; AdjTag ; PrcTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; AdjTag ; AdvTag ; AdjTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; AdjTag ; PronTag ; AdvTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; NTag ; PoTag ; AdvTag ; PoTag ; AdvTag ; PronTag ; AdvTag ; PronTag ; NumTag ; DescrTag ; AdjTag ; DescrTag ; AdvTag ; NTag ; DescrTag ; NTag ; DescrTag ; NTag ; AdjTag ; GerTag ; ConjTag ; GerTag ; PoTag ; AdjTag ; NumTag ; NTag ; AdjTag ; PcleTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; NTag ; AdvTag ; DescrTag ; NTag ; DescrTag ; NTag ; NumTag ; NTag ; PrcTag ; PcleTag ; NTag ; PcleTag ; NTag ; PoTag ; NTag ; VTag ; NTag ; VTag ; PronTag ; PcleTag ; AdjTag ; AdvTag ; PoTag ; PcleTag ; PoTag ; AdvTag ; PronTag ; PronTag ; NumTag ; PronTag ; NumTag ; AdvTag ; PronTag ; PcleTag ;

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-adjectives_newwords.lexc.md

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to Verdd

ADD ADJECTIVES BELOW

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives_newwords.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-exceptions.lexc.md

Exceptions are quite strange word-forms. the ones that do not fit anywhere else. This file contains all enumerated word forms that cannot reasonably be created from lexical data by regular inflection. Usually there should be next to none exceptions, it’s always better to have a paradigm that covers only one or few words than an exception since these will not work nicely with e.g. compounding scheme or possibly many end applications.

This is a temporary work around words that do not occur alone Russian verbs are often followed by the Udmurt карыны OR карон

Proper names from Bible

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/exceptions.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-nouns_newwords.lexc.md

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to the xml source files. апра+N:апра N_ “(eng) /(fin) /(hun) /(rus) “ ;

ADD NOUNS BELOW

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns_newwords.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-numerals.lexc.md

Numerals Numerals in UDMURT language are numbers.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-prefixes.lexc.md

Prefixes Prefixes in the Udmurt language are bound to beginning of other words.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/prefixes.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-verbs_newwords.lexc.md

This is where new words are added as lexc entries before they are added to Verdd

ADD VERBS BELOW

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs_newwords.lexc

src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md

retroflex plosive, voiceless t ʈ 0288, 648 ( = ASCII 096) retroflex plosive, voiced dɖ 0256, 598 labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625 retroflex nasal n ɳ 0273, 627 palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626 velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331 uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628

bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665 uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640 alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638 retroflex flap rɽ 027D, 637 bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632 bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946 dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952 dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240 postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643 postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658 retroflex fricative, voiceless s ʂ 0282, 642 retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656 palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231 palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669 velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611 uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967 uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641 pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295 pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661 glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614

alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\

labiodental approximant P (or v) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r` velar approximant M\

retroflex lateral approximant l` palatal lateral approximant L velar lateral approximant L
Clicks

bilabial O\ (O = capital letter) dental |
(post)alveolar !\ palatoalveolar =\ alveolar lateral ||
Ejectives, implosives

ejective > e.g. ejective p p> implosive < e.g. implosive b b< Vowels

close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U

close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7

schwa ə @

open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O

ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6

open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols

voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\

alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals

primary stress “ secondary stress % long : half-long :\ extra-short _X linking mark -
Tones and word accents

level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex)

contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L

contour, rising-falling _R_F (NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.) global rise global fall Diacritics

voiceless 0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _” syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity `

breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ‘ (or _j) e.g. t’ (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\

dental d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _}

velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md

We describe here how abbreviations are in Udmurt are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems.

For example:

s.:syntynyt # ;
os.:omaa% sukua # ;
v.:vuosi # ;
v.:vuonna # ;
esim.:esimerkki # ;
esim.:esimerkiksi # ;

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc.md

:одӥг% 1MILJON ;

This is for the numerals 20-69

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc

tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md

U D M U R T G R A M M A R C H E C K E R

Udmurt language model documentation

src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

HABITIVE MAPPING

sma object

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives-old.lexc.md

Determinative notes

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives.lexc.md

Determinative notes

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adverbs.lexc.md

Adverbs

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns-old.lexc.md

UDMURT Noun inflection

Russian loans ending in -ия/-ие

Place names based on names of old tribes

корка / куала

“Old” Finno-ugric stems (-м-, -г-, -т-)

Vowel deletion stems

Suffix ordering with possessive construction

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns.lexc.md

UDMURT Noun inflection

Russian loans ending in -ия/-ие

Place names based on names of old tribes

корка / куала

“Old” Finno-ugric stems (-м-, -г-, -т-)

Vowel deletion stems

Suffix ordering with possessive construction

src-fst-morphology-affixes-pronouns.lexc.md

Determinative notes

src-fst-morphology-affixes-propernouns.lexc.md

Udmurt Proper noun inflection

src-fst-morphology-affixes-symbols.lexc.md

Symbol affixes

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs-old.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-phonology.twolc.md

Udmurt twol file

Alphabet, Sets and Definitions

Letters of the alphabet

Archiphonemes for vowels

Triggers

Boundary symbols

Sets

Definitions

Rules

DEPALATALISATION

VOWEL LOSS

ZERO TO CONSONANT

CONSONANTS

src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md

Definitions for Multichar_Symbols

Tags distinguishing different versions of the same lemma (before POS)

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

Flag diacritics

src-fst-morphology-stems-adjectives_newwords.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-stems-exceptions.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-stems-nouns_newwords.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-stems-numerals.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-stems-prefixes.lexc.md

src-fst-morphology-stems-verbs_newwords.lexc.md

src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc.md

tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md

DELIMITERS

TAGS AND SETS

Tags

Beginning and end of sentence

Parts of speech tags

Tags for POS sub-categories

Tags for morphosyntactic properties

Semantic tags

Syntactic tags