Finite state and Constraint Grammar based analysers, proofing tools and other resources
All doc-comment documentation in one large file.
Sets for POS sub-categories
Sets for Semantic tags
Sets for Morphosyntactic properties
Sets for verbs
V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should
be the ones without an N tag following the V.
The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.
The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions
NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features
The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets
These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.
The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)
Miscellaneous sets
Border sets and their complements
Syntactic sets
These were the set types.
hab1
hab2
hab3 (
habNomLeft
hab4
hab6
hab7
hab5 This is not HAB
habDain (
habGen (
spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.
Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.
Hab>Advlcase<spred (
Nom>Advlcase<spred (
<spred (
<spred (
<spredQst1 (
<spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.
Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas
<spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas
<spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive
leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.
<spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor
NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom
<spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom
<spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom
<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.
<spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess
spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.
HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.
GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial
spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)
r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.
AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas
SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas
Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right
spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.
subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives
subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.
<subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.
<advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.
advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.
advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.
advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.
comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.
advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.
<advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.
cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3
No adjectives in Klingon
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives.lexc
The Klingon nouns have a number of suffixes arranged after each other for lots of stuff.
Augmentation is used for more or less important, bigger, smaller etc. €gt-norm: Nominal augmentation Qagh Qagh+N+Sg+Nom error Qagh’a’ Qagh+N+Aug+Sg+Nom huge mistake QaghHom Qagh+N+Dim+Sg+Nom small mistake
Plural is marked by some suffixes €gt-norm: nominal plurals € Qaghpu’ Qagh+N+Pl+Nom
Nouns are qualified by some other suffixes too €gt-norm: nominal qualification € Qaghqoq Qagh+N+Sg+Foc/qoq+Nom error qoq
The possessor is marked in suffix too €gt-norm: Nominal possession € QaghwIJ Qagh+N+Sg+PxSg1+Nom my error
cases add some semantic relations as usual €gt-norm: Nominal cases € QaghDaq Qagh+N+Sg+Loc in an error € Qaghvo’ Qagh+N+Sg+Sep from an error
augmentation is optional
number marker is optional, singular being the unmarked form
qualification is optional
possession is optional
case marker is optional, nominative being the unmarked form
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns.lexc
proper nouns inflect like nominals
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/propernouns.lexc
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/symbols.lexc
The Klingon language verbs inflect in persons with obligatory prefixes, then the verb stem and all the optional suffixes..
1Sg+Qong+V
(Eng. I sleep)Sg2+Sg1O+legh+V
(Eng. you see me)Reflexive suffixes mark reflexive forms €gt-norm: Verb reflexives jIlegh’egh 1Sg+legh+V+Refl I see myself maleghchuq 1Pl+legh+V+Reciproc we see each other
Volition is a marker for volition: €gt-norm: verb volition € leghnIS 3Sg+legh+V+Foc/nIs he sees nIS
Change is marked by suffixes €gt-norm: Verbal change € jIleghchoh 1Sg+legh+V+Foc/choh I see choh
Cause is marked €gt-norm: Verbal cause € leghmoH 3Sg+legh+V+Caus cause him see
definiteness is just a suffix €gt-norm: verbal definiteness € leghlu’ 3Sg+legh+V+Foc/lu’ he sees lu’
qualification the suffix
3Sg+legh+V+Foc/chu
(Eng. he sees chu’)Aspects are coded in suffixes
3Sg+legh+V+Perf
(Eng. he finished seeing)Verbs can have honorific markers
3Sg+legh+V+Honor
(Eng. he sees honorably)And some other markers too
leghDI’ 3Sg+legh+V+Foc/DI’
(Eng. he sees DI’)
Verbs can always be derived into nouns with wI’:
3Sg+legh+V+V→N+Sg+Nom
(Eng. his seeing)This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc
The Klingon morphophonological/twolc rules file
primus00
examples:*
examples:*
examples:*
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc
This is an example morphology, for the purpose of demonstrating giellatekno morphology infrastructure. The example language we use is a popular conlang by the name of tlhIngan, popularly known by the English name Klingon. This description uses latinised form, for yet-to-be encoded Klingon orthography, a spelling variant rule is provided.
The morphological analyses of wordforms of Klingon language are presented in this system in terms of following symbols.
The parts-of-speech are:
Multichar_Symbols
for noun,
Multichar_Symbols
for verb (and “adjectives”),
Multichar_Symbols
for pronouns,
Multichar_Symbols
for numerals,
Multichar_Symbols
for conjunctions,
Multichar_Symbols
for adverbs,
Multichar_Symbols
for interjections, and
Multichar_Symbols
for other, unclassified particles.
The nominals are inflected in following Numbers, cases and
augmentation:
Multichar_Symbols
for singular,
Multichar_Symbols
for plural,
Multichar_Symbols
for locative,
Multichar_Symbols
for instructive,
Multichar_Symbols
for instrumental,
Multichar_Symbols
for benefactive,
Multichar_Symbols
for augmentative, and
Multichar_Symbols
for diminitive
The possession is marked as such:
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (mine)
Multichar_Symbols
for second singular (yours)
Multichar_Symbols
for third singular (his/hers/its/theirs)
Multichar_Symbols
for first plural (ours)
Multichar_Symbols
for second plural (yours)
Multichar_Symbols
for third plural (theirs)
Verb moods are:
Multichar_Symbols
for indicative
Multichar_Symbols
for imperative
Verb tenses or aspects are:
Multichar_Symbols
for continuative
Multichar_Symbols
for perfect tense
Multichar_Symbols
for progressive
Verb personal forms in intransitives and unmarked objects are
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (I do [[myself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols
for second singular (you do [[yourself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols
for third singular (he/she/it/they do [[theirself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols
for first plural (we do [[ourself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (you do [[yourselves, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (they do [[theirselves, to somone])
The verb personal forms objects are tagged separately:
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (– – does to me)
Multichar_Symbols
for second singular (– – does to you])
Multichar_Symbols
for third singular (– – does to them)
Multichar_Symbols
for first plural (– – does to us)
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (– – does to you)
Multichar_Symbols
for first singular (– – does to them)
Other verb forms are
Multichar_Symbols
negated form
Multichar_Symbols
reflexive form
Multichar_Symbols
reciprocal form
Multichar_Symbols
+Symbol
+Symbol
+Symbol
+Symbol
The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity:
+Symbol
transitive
+Symbol
intransitiveQuestion and Focus particles:
+Symbol
for question form
+Symbol
other focus
+Symbol
contrastive this focus
+Symbol
contrastive that focus
Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.
We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again: | @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm. | @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first | @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX | @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds | @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R | @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding | @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding | @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R | @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root.
Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
The word forms in Klingon language start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes. €gt-norm: Klingon poses € Sus Sus+N wind € jIJ jIH+Pron I € je je+Conj and € batlh batlh+Adv with honor € ghobe’ ghobe’+Intj no (as in discourse response) The verbs require obligatory prefix that is the personal inflection or imperative mood
3Sg+Qong+V
(Eng. sleeps)This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc
Adjectives There are no adjectives in Klingon language, see verbs instead.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives.lexc
Adverbs Adverbs in Klingon
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/adverbs.lexc
Conjunctions Conjunctions in Klingon join sentences or nouns.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/conjunctions.lexc
Interjections Interjections in Klingon are exclamations.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/interjections.lexc
Nouns
Nouns in Klingon language are things. Noo, they denote things.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns.lexc
Numerals Numerals in Klingon language are numbers.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc
Prefixes in Klingon language are bound to beginning of other words. However, verbal prefixes which are central to verb inflection are actually situated with other verb inflection.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/prefixes.lexc
Pronouns Pronouns in Klingon language are references to things.
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/pronouns.lexc
Verbs Verbs in Klingon language are used for both actions and adjectival properties
Qong+V
(Eng. he/she/it/they sleep(s))Sg1+Qong+V
(Eng. I sleep)Sg2+Qong+V
(Eng. you sleep)Pl1+Qong+V
(Eng. we sleep)Pl2+Qong+V
(Eng. you sleep)Sg3+legh+V
(Eng. he/she/it/they see(s) him/her/it/them)Sg1+SgO2+legh+V
(Eng. I see you)Sg1+SgO3+legh+V
(Eng. I see him/her/it/them)
…This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs.lexc
retroflex plosive, voiceless t ʈ 0288, 648 (
= ASCII 096)
retroflex plosive, voiced d ɖ 0256, 598
labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625
retroflex nasal n
ɳ 0273, 627
palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626
velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331
uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628
bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665
uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640
alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638
retroflex flap r ɽ 027D, 637
bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632
bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946
dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952
dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240
postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643
postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658
retroflex fricative, voiceless s
ʂ 0282, 642
retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656
palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231
palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669
velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611
uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967
uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641
pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295
pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661
glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614
alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\
labiodental approximant P (or v) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r` velar approximant M\
retroflex lateral approximant l`
palatal lateral approximant L
velar lateral approximant L
Clicks
bilabial O\ (O = capital letter)
dental |
(post)alveolar !\
palatoalveolar =\
alveolar lateral ||
Ejectives, implosives
ejective > e.g. ejective p p> implosive < e.g. implosive b b< Vowels
close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U
close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7
schwa ə @
open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O
ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6
open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols
voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\
alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals
primary stress “
secondary stress %
long :
half-long :\
extra-short _X
linking mark -
Tones and word accents
level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex)
contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L
contour, rising-falling _R_F
(NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic
marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off
by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.)
global rise
voiceless 0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _” syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity `
breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ‘ (or _j) e.g. t’ (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\
dental d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _}
velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript
We describe here how abbreviations are in Klingon are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems.
For example:
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc
% komma% :, Root ; % tjuohkkis% :%. Root ; % kolon% :%: Root ; % sárggis% :%- Root ; % násti% :%* Root ;
This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc
[ L A N G U A G E ] G R A M M A R C H E C K E R
This section lists all the tags inherited from the fst, and used as tags in the syntactic analysis. The next section, Sets, contains sets defined on the basis of the tags listed here, those set names are not visible in the output.
BOS EOS
N A Adv V Pron CS CC CC-CS Po Pr Pcle Num Interj ABBR ACR CLB LEFT RIGHT WEB PPUNCT PUNCT
COMMA ¶
Pers Dem Interr Indef Recipr Refl Rel Coll NomAg Prop Allegro Arab Romertall
Nom Acc Gen Ill Loc Com Ess Ess Sg Du Pl Cmp/SplitR Cmp/SgNom Cmp/SgGen Cmp/SgGen PxSg1 PxSg2 PxSg3 PxDu1 PxDu2 PxDu3 PxPl1 PxPl2 PxPl3 Px
Comp Superl Attr Ord Qst IV TV Prt Prs Ind Pot Cond Imprt ImprtII Sg1 Sg2 Sg3 Du1 Du2 Du3 Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Inf ConNeg Neg PrfPrc VGen PrsPrc Ger Sup Actio VAbess
Err/Orth
Sem/Act Sem/Ani Sem/Atr Sem/Body Sem/Clth Sem/Domain Sem/Feat-phys Sem/Fem Sem/Group Sem/Lang Sem/Mal Sem/Measr Sem/Money Sem/Obj Sem/Obj-el Sem/Org Sem/Perc-emo Sem/Plc Sem/Sign Sem/State-sick Sem/Sur Sem/Time Sem/Txt
HUMAN
PROP-ATTR PROP-SUR
TIME-N-SET
@+FAUXV @+FMAINV @-FAUXV @-FMAINV @-FSUBJ> @-F<OBJ @-FOBJ> @-FSPRED<OBJ @-F<ADVL @-FADVL> @-F<SPRED @-F<OPRED @-FSPRED> @-FOPRED> @>ADVL @ADVL< @<ADVL @ADVL> @ADVL @HAB> @<HAB @>N @Interj @N< @>A @P< @>P @HNOUN @INTERJ @>Num @Pron< @>Pron @Num< @OBJ @<OBJ @OBJ> @OPRED @<OPRED @OPRED> @PCLE @COMP-CS< @SPRED @<SPRED @SPRED> @SUBJ @<SUBJ @SUBJ> SUBJ SPRED OPRED @PPRED @APP @APP-N< @APP-Pron< @APP>Pron @APP-Num< @APP-ADVL< @VOC @CVP @CNP OBJ