Finite state and Constraint Grammar based analysers, proofing tools and other resources
View the project on GitHub giellalt/lang-tlh
This is an example morphology, for the purpose of demonstrating giellatekno morphology infrastructure. The example language we use is a popular conlang by the name of tlhIngan, popularly known by the English name Klingon. This description uses latinised form, for yet-to-be encoded Klingon orthography, a spelling variant rule is provided.
The morphological analyses of wordforms of Klingon language are presented in this system in terms of following symbols.
The parts-of-speech are:
Multichar_Symbols for noun,
Multichar_Symbols for verb (and “adjectives”),
Multichar_Symbols for pronouns,
Multichar_Symbols for numerals,
Multichar_Symbols for conjunctions,
Multichar_Symbols for adverbs,
Multichar_Symbols for interjections, and
Multichar_Symbols for other, unclassified particles.
The nominals are inflected in following Numbers, cases and
augmentation:
Multichar_Symbols for singular,
Multichar_Symbols for plural,
Multichar_Symbols for locative,
Multichar_Symbols for instructive,
Multichar_Symbols for instrumental,
Multichar_Symbols for benefactive,
Multichar_Symbols for augmentative, and
Multichar_Symbols for diminitive
The possession is marked as such:
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (mine)
Multichar_Symbols for second singular (yours)
Multichar_Symbols for third singular (his/hers/its/theirs)
Multichar_Symbols for first plural (ours)
Multichar_Symbols for second plural (yours)
Multichar_Symbols for third plural (theirs)
Verb moods are:
Multichar_Symbols for indicative
Multichar_Symbols for imperative
Verb tenses or aspects are:
Multichar_Symbols for continuative
Multichar_Symbols for perfect tense
Multichar_Symbols for progressive
Verb personal forms in intransitives and unmarked objects are
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (I do [[myself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols for second singular (you do [[yourself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols for third singular (he/she/it/they do [[theirself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols for first plural (we do [[ourself, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (you do [[yourselves, to someone])
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (they do [[theirselves, to somone])
The verb personal forms objects are tagged separately:
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (– – does to me)
Multichar_Symbols for second singular (– – does to you])
Multichar_Symbols for third singular (– – does to them)
Multichar_Symbols for first plural (– – does to us)
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (– – does to you)
Multichar_Symbols for first singular (– – does to them)
Other verb forms are
Multichar_Symbols negated form
Multichar_Symbols reflexive form
Multichar_Symbols reciprocal form
Multichar_Symbols
+Symbol
+Symbol
+Symbol
+Symbol
The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity:
+Symbol transitive
+Symbol intransitiveQuestion and Focus particles:
+Symbol for question form
+Symbol other focus
+Symbol contrastive this focus
+Symbol contrastive that focus
Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.
We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again: | @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm. | @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first | @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX | @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds | @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R | @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding | @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding | @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R | @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root.
Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
The word forms in Klingon language start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes. €gt-norm: Klingon poses € Sus Sus+N wind € jIJ jIH+Pron I € je je+Conj and € batlh batlh+Adv with honor € ghobe’ ghobe’+Intj no (as in discourse response) The verbs require obligatory prefix that is the personal inflection or imperative mood
3Sg+Qong+V (Eng. sleeps)This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc