Somali language model documentation

All doc-comment documentation in one large file.

src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

Sets for POS sub-categories
Sets for Semantic tags
Sets for Morphosyntactic properties
Sets for verbs
V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should be the ones without an N tag following the V.
The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.
The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions
NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features
The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets

These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.

The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)

Miscellaneous sets
Border sets and their complements
Syntactic sets

These were the set types.

HABITIVE MAPPING

hab1
hab2
hab3 ( @ADVL>) for hab-actor and hab-case; if leat to the right, and Nom to the right of leat. Lots of restrictions.
habNomLeft
hab4
hab6
hab7
hab8 This is not HAB
hab5 This is not HAB
habDain ( @ADVL>) for (Pron Dem Pl Loc) if leat followed by Nom to the right
habGen ( @<ADVL) hab for Gen; if Gen is located in the end of the sentence and Nom is sentence initial
spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.
Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.
Hab>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween HAB and .
Nom>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween Nom and @<SUBJ.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and some kind of adverb, N Loc, time related word or Po to the left of it. OR: if Ill or @Pron< to the left, followed by copulas and the before mentioned to the left of copulas.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom, but not for Pers. To the left boahtit or heaŋgát as MAINV, and futher to the left is some kind of place related word, or time related word
<spredQst1 ( @<SUBJ) for Nom in a typically question sentence; if A) Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. B) same as a, only the Qst-pcle is attached to copulas. C) Qst to the left, with copulas to its left, but not if two Nom:s are found somewhere to the right. D) copulas to the left, and BOS to the left. E) Loc or Ill to the left, and Loc or Hab to the left of this, Qst and copulas to the left. F) Num @>N to the left, Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. NOTE) for all these rules; human, Loc or Sem/Plc not allowed to the right.
<spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.
Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas
<spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas
<spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive
leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.
<spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor
NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom
<spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom
<spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom
<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.
<spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess
spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.
HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.
GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial
spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)
r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.
AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas
SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas
Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right
spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.
subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)
subj>Du (@SUBJ>) for dual nominatives, including Coll Nom. VFIN + Du3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives
subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.
<subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.
<advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.
<advlPoPr (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the left.
advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.
advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.
advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.
comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.
advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.
<advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.
cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.
<opredAAcc (@<OPRED) for A Acc; if an other accusative to the left, and a transtive verb to the left of it. OR: if a transitive verb to the left, and an accusative to the left of it.

sma object

<advlEss (@<ADVL) for ESS-ADVL if; FMAINV to the left
<spredEss (@<SPRED) for N Ess if; FMAINV to the left is intransitive or bargat

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3

src-fst-morphology-affixes-adjectives.lexc.md

Adjective inflection The Somali language adjectives compare.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/adjectives.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-irregularverbs.lexc.md

Irregular verbs

These are the “irregular” verbs, which are mostly prefixing or copular.

The copulas are mostly suffixing, and all the other verbs include person prefixes, and agreement on suffixes for person. Tense and mood are expressed with complex stem alternations that are no longer 100% productive, and progressive is formed from a derivational stem, with no person prefixes.

NB: After adding in some additional morphological boundaries for some of the verbs, it should become obvious that some more simplification in amount of lexica is possible. Prefixing verbs often have multiple stems for separate tenses, and more or less get the same person prefixes in full and reduced paradigms. The only trick there is it requires more flag diacritics, to make sure that the prefix matches the suffix.

TODO: omg

LEXICON MA ma and related inflected forms.

ah is a verb meaning ‘to exist’, but can function as a copula. It is inflected in all tenses, but has long and short forms.

LEXICON Ah Inflections in tense.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/irregularverbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-nouns.lexc.md

Noun inflection The Somali nouns inflect in cases, are marked for gender and number.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/nouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-propernouns.lexc.md

Proper noun inflection The Somali language proper nouns inflect in the same cases as regular nouns, but with a colon (‘:’) as separator.

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/propernouns.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-symbols.lexc.md

Symbol affixes

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/symbols.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

Verb inflection The Somali language verbs inflect in persons.

Full Reduced 1Sg A A 2Sg B A 3SgM A A 3SgF B B 1Pl C C 2Pl D A 3Pl E A

Present Past 1Sg keenaa keenay 2Sg keentaa keentay 3SgM keenaa keenay 3SgF keentaa keentay 1Pl keennaa keennay 2Pl keentaan keenteen 3Pl keenaan keenaan

Present Past 1Sg keénayaa keénayay 2Sg keénaysaa keénaysay 3SgM keénayaa keénayay 3SgF keénaysaa keénaysay 1Pl keénaynaa keénaynay 2Pl keénaysaan keénayseen 3Pl keénayaan keénayeen

Apply post-root tones, and other root triggers

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-phonology.twolc.md

The Somali morphophonological/twolc rules file

Morphophonological notes

Phonological Processes in Somali

Somali has several phonological alternations involving reduplication, lenition, vowel harmony and tone. The hopes with this documentation is that it will either make twolc rules clearer, or help if it comes time to completely redo all the rules.

Spreading processes

Lenition

The lenis stop series in Somali alternates with the fortis series , note that the does not actually participate. Lenis stops are found in coda positions, and fortis stops are found elsewhere. The alternation occurs in both nouns and verbs.

ilig ‘tooth'   ~   iligga ‘tooth (Def.)'     ~   ilko ‘teeth (Indef.)’
arag ‘see'     ~   aragtaa ‘2Sg/3SgF sees'   ~   arkaa ‘1Sg/3SgM sees’

Voicing assimilation

Stops assimilate for voicing (or lenis/fortis), particularly across morpheme boundaries, however they only assimilate if they share place of articulation.

aragtaa            ‘2Sg/3SgF sees’
wararka            ‘the news’
buugga             ‘the book’
naagta            ‘the woman’
jaamacadda        ‘the university’

This also follows for the retroflex segment , however the sequence is shortened to .

gabadh            ‘(a) girl’
gabadha           ‘the girl’

Vowel ablaut

Vowels are subject to two main types of ablaut: (1) full ablaut across back consonants, and (2) partial ablaut with ~ preceding the high vowel . Full ablaut is constrained to morpheme boundaries: and most commonly occurs in the ‘waxa’ focus marker.

waxaan ‘foc+1Sg'            magac                        rah
wuxuu  ‘foc+3SgM'           magucu    / magacu           ruhu
magicii   / magicii 

Full ablaut appears to be optional in some words. Partial ablaut occurs in verbal infinitives with mostly any word of the pattern CaC. When the infinitive ending is appended, raises to . It also occurs around person suffixes and tense ending in

tag ‘go'        tegi ‘to go'            tegeen ‘they went’
bax ‘leave'     bexi ‘to leave'         bexeen ‘they left’

deletion

is deleted when it follows a back consonant (which is not itself): ``` wax + ka => waxa magac + ka => magaca rah + ka => raha ``` + -> Occurs only across morpheme boundaries, in verbs and nouns. wiilal => wiilasha ‘boys' ‘the boys’ maqal => maqashay ‘listen' ‘2Sg/3SgF listened’ ## Vowel harmony For a complete description of vowel harmony, see the literature. Short summary: +ATR is the active spreading feature, and spreads leftward across all boundaries but is blocked by pauses in speech (Intonation Phrase). +ATR can spread rightward, but stops at the word boundary. It does not cross clitics, typically. Hopefully VH will be covered in this analyzer. ## Tonal Processes In certain environments Somali appears to dislike having two tones immediately next to eachother. I have some collected environments for a phonology paper. May not be super important right off the bat. ## Reduplication Somali has two kinds of reduplication: partial and full. Reduplication is typically a strategy for marking plural in nouns and adjectives in some declensions, but also appears in verbs as a derivational process. The inflectional processes are quite productive, but the derivational processes are not as productive. Partial reduplication occurs in the 4th declension of nouns, but a subtype of these 4th declensional nouns also has full reduplication. Partial reduplication includes epenthesis of . Note that partial reduplication in adjectives is prefixing, while in nouns it is suffixing. Also, the template is slightly different. ``` af ‘mouth, language' => afaf ‘... +Pl’ qoys ‘family' => qoysas ‘... +Pl’ ``` Note: There may be some partial reduplication that also copies the vowel. Full reduplication also applies to some of these nouns: ``` qof ‘person' => qofqof cad ‘part' => cadcad ``` Adjectives: ``` quruxsán ‘beautiful' => qurquruxsán ‘ ... +Pl’ fudúd ‘easy, light' => fudfudúd adág ‘difficult' => ad'adág yár ‘a little' => yaryára gaabán ‘short' => gaaggaabán ‘ ... +Pl’ laabán ‘folded' => laallaabán jabán ‘broken' => ‘jajabán’ ``` Irregular adjectives: ``` dhéer ‘long, tall (sg)' => dhaadhéer wéyn ‘big' => waawéyn ``` Note: Other possibilities might be found greping: with ‘^$.$aa\1e', ‘^$.$aa\1\1aa', ‘$.$a\1$’ ## Person morphemes The realization of personal suffixes on verbs is a little complex and depends mostly on declension type and whether or not the suffix is preceded by the progressive. Realization of these suffixes is currently all handled by twolc: ``` sg pl 1 {đ} {ñ} ==> 2 {ŧ} 0 3 Masc {đ} {đ} 3 Fem {ŧ} Declension 1 sg pl 1 keenaa keennaa 1 dhacay dhacnay 2 keentaa keenaan 2 dhacday dheceen 3 Masc keenaa keentaan 3 Masc dhacay dhecdeen 3 Fem keentaa 3 Fem dhacday Declension 2 sg pl sg 1 sameeyay sameynay 1 kariyay karinay 2 sameysay sameyseen 2 karisay kariseen 3 Masc sameeyay sameeyeen 3 Masc kariyay kariyeen 3 Fem sameysay 3 Fem karisay Declension 3 sg pl 1 furay furannay 1 watay wadannay 2 furtay furateen 2 wadatay wadateen 3 Masc furay fureen 3 Masc watay wateen 3 Fem furtay 3 Fem wadatay ``` A short summary: ``` %{đ%} - 1Sg, 3SgM and 3Pl; realized as 0/y/d in classes %{ŧ%} - 2Sg, 3SgF, 2Pl; realized as t/s in classes %{ñ%} - 1Pl; realized as n in all classes ‘special' here just in case. ``` This process could easily be removed from twolc and done in just flag diacritics, why not? More processes to describe: * wataa / wadatay dissimilation * a/e alternation in -e nouns (noun type is a bit more complex too, as corpus reveals) * vowel deletion ilig, ilko * e/y alternation in samee- verbs * w/b alternations * vowel lengthening magaalo / magaalooyin Notes: * If forms disappear but the rule should work, make sure that the pair transforming exists in the Alphabet Alphabet For ease of reduplication and treating sh as separate from l + t => sh TODO: write tests for gacmahii / gacmihii, magacii / magicii, magucu / magacu TODO: tests from these ``` ilig+N+Masc+Pl+Def+PxSg3M+Abs+Prox il^ik´%>%{N%}a%>híisa# -- > ilkihiisa walaal+N+Masc+Pl+Def+PxSg3M+Abs+Prox walaal´´%>%{N%}a%>híisa# -- > walaalihiisa magac+N+Masc+Sg+Def+Abs+Dist magac´´%>%{N%}kii# -- > magicii magac+N+Masc+Sg+Def+Nom+Prox magac´´%>%{N%}ku# -- > magucu magac+N+Masc+Sg+Def+PxSg3F+Abs+Prox magac´´%>%{N%}kíisa# -- > magiciisa waxa+CS+Foc/R+Sg3M wax%>uu# -- > wuxuu wax+N+Masc+Sg+Def+PxSg3M+Nom+Prox wax´´%>%{N%}kíisu# -- > wixiisu / waxiisu ``` List of rules: **Ablaut around back fricatives at morpheme boundaries** **Ablaut in declension 7 with final vowel** **LT -> SH part 1** **LT -> SH part 2** **LT -> SH part 2 for V3B** **LT -> SH in reduplicative plurals, pt 1** **V2 {y} deletion** **Definite suffix -k to -g next to preceding voiced** **t:0 before d h** **t/d alternation - definite suffix, V1** TODO: dukaammo **Declension 2: -C doubling in plural** TODO: This rule is currently conflicting with the next one. **Declension 2: -y insertion after back sounds and fricatives; and after -i** **Declension 4: Plural Partial Reduplication** **Declension 4: Plural Partial Reduplication %{m}** **Declension 4: C2->n in m contexts** **-y- insertion in plurals** **Disallow yy** Doesn't work with wuxu, where k has been deleted. Doesn't work with magicii, magucu, but should optionally. magacii and magicii, etc are both possible **Declension 6: final vowel** **Declension V1: magacow / magacaabay / magacawday, shorten a** **Delete preceding a** AllBoundaries \?:WordChars **Declension 7: {-e} delete** **Declension 7: final vowel** **Declension 7: final vowel in final position** ## Verbal Rules **V2A -> V3B derivations, delete -i** **V2A -> V3B derivations, depalatization** **V1: a/e umlaut before i/e** **V1: a/e umlaut before a** **V1, D3: Vowel deletion** **V1: Simplification of dhd to dh (t)** **V1: n/m when deleted vowel results in C0n** ## V2A tbw. ## V2B **V2B: y-insertion** **V2B: ey before consonants** **V2B: ee before y** **V2B: Remove e** V3A ## V3B Following rules are for the funky things that happen with 1Sg, 3SgM, 3Pl Basically, disallowed d_d, so it gets simplified to t wada>d>aa# wada>nn>aa# wada>t>aa# wada>d>aan# wada>d>aa# wada>t>aan# wada>t>aa# wataa wadannaa wadataa wadataan wataa wataan wadataa fura>d>aa# fura>nn>aa# fura>t>aa# fura>d>aan# fura>d>aa# fura>t>aan# fura>t>aa# furtaa furannaa furataa furataan furtaa furtaan furataa Also another type: TODO: merge sigo+V+IV+1Sg+Ind+Past sig{a}>d>ay# sigo+V+IV+2Sg+Ind+Past sig{a}>t>ay# sigtay sigatay But: obd / cd / hd / qd / xd / yd Note: bt / obd **V3B: %{o%}:o finally** **V3B: %{o%}:0 in d _ d** **V3B: d dissimilation** **V3B: d dissimilation w/ cor ** **V3B: d dissimilation 2 ** **V3B: root {a} deletion before suffixes with -d** **V3B: otherwise** General Rules **Vowel reduction VVV -> VV** **m->n in codas** **m->m in codas** **Optional m doubling** **Velar deletion after Back, but avoiding digraphs** **Final lenition.** **-ee changes to -ye after other vowels** **-ee changes to -e after y** **-ee clitic deletes preceding -o** **progressive nasal assimilation across morphological boundaries** * *primus%>s* * *primus00* * examples:* * examples:* * examples:* * examples:* * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc) --- # src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md # Somali morphological analyser INTRODUCTION TO THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSER OF SOMALI. # Multichar_Symbols definitions ## Analysis symbols The morphological analyses of Somali wordforms are presented in this system in terms of the following symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags). The parts-of-speech are: * +N * +V * +A * +Adp * +Q * +Pr * +Adv * +CC * +CS * +Interj * +Pron * +Num Fusional adpositions * +Adp/u Fusional ú * +Adp/ka Fusional ká * +Adp/la Fusional lá * +Adp/ku Fusional kú Object pronouns in adpositional+pronoun * +1SgObj/i E.x.: la + i + lá -> laylá * +2SgObj/ku E.x.: la + ku + lá -> lagulá Focus * +Foc/L Focus markers **baa** and **ayaa** * +Foc/R Focus marker **waxaa** * +Foc/V ??2023-12-07 validating Jaska * +Foc/baa ??2023-12-07 validating Jaska The parts of speech are further split up into: * +Interr * +Interr/ma * +Attr * +Short * +Cmp * +Der/sho * +Pfx * +PP * +Sep * +Com * +Appos * +Impers * +Inch * +Recit * +Restr * +Pers * +Dem * +Coll * +Mass * +Acr * +Abstr * +Abbr * +Prop * +Null ??2023-12-07 validating Jaska * +V/ah ??2023-12-07 validating Jaska * +V/ ??2023-12-07 validating Jaska Verb and noun declensions for the analysers that want to know about that NOTE: We probably do not want to thag these, this is morphological and not morphosyntactic info. t. * +Decl/1 * +Decl/2 * +Decl/2A * +Decl/2B * +Decl/3 +Decl/3A +Decl/3B * +Decl/4 * +Decl/5 * +Decl/6 * +Decl/7 The Usage extents are marked using the following tags: * +Err/Orth * +Use/-Spell * +Use/-Spell * +Use/Circ * +Use/CircN * +Err/Lex * +Use/Marg * +Use/NG * +Use/Ped * +Use/SpellNoSugg+Prog * +Err/Orth The nominals are inflected in the following case, number * +Sg * +Pl * +Nom * +Abs * +Gen * +Indef * +Def Nominals also are inflected for gender * +Masc * +Fem Nominal marked for gender undergo gender polarity changes in plural. We want to mark +Masc and +Fem, such that disambiguation is easier, but knowing the gender of the lemma since it is not predictable from a given plural form is a good thing. * +M→M * +M→F * +F→M * +F→F Nominals also have affixed demonstratives * +Prox -0 * +Dist -ii * +Near -aas / -aasi * +Far -eer / -eeri * +Farther -oo / -ooyi * +Close -an / -anu / -ani Are these in use? * +Adc * +Apr * +Prl * +Apr * +Cns * +Ord The possession is marked as such: * +PxSg1 * +PxSg2 * +PxSg3F * +PxSg3M * +PxPl1 * +PxPl1Incl * +PxPl1Excl * +PxPl2 * +PxPl3 The comparative forms are: * +Comp * +Superl Numerals are classified under: * +Attr * +Card * +Ord Verb moods are: * +Ind * +Opt * +Imprt * +Neg * +Imper Verb tenses * +Past * +Pres Verb aspects are: * +Prog Verb personal forms are (NB: no inclusive/exclusive): * +1Sg * +2Sg * +3Sg * +3SgM * +3SgF * +1Pl * +2Pl * +3Pl Verbs also mark some non-agreement syntactic information * +Red occurs often with subjects that are focused * +Rel the verb is within a relative clause, and is also case marked. Other verb forms are * +Inf * +Ger * +ConNeg * +ConNegII * +Neg * +ImprtII * +PrsPrc * +PrfPrc * +Sup * +VGen * +VAbess Abbreviated words are classified with: * +ABBR * +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, © * +ACR Special symbols are classified with: * +CLB * +PUNCT * +LEFT * +RIGHT The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity: * +TV * +IV * +DV Special multiword units are analysed with: * +Multi Non-dictionary words can be recognised with: * +Guess * ^GUESSNOUNROOT Question and Focus particles: * +Qst * +Foc Semantics are classified with * +Sem/Plc Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech. * +V→N * +V→V * +V→A * +Der/xxx * +Incl * +Excl Syntaxy stuff, don't want to use +Acc, because this isn't relevant in nouns * +Subj * +Sem/Obj Nominal MSP * +Rel Derivation * +Der/A * +Der/V * +Der/N Clitics * +Clit/ba * +Clit/se * +Clit/na * +Clit/oo * +Clit/CS * +Clit/Without Style * +Use/NG * +Sty * +Sty/TODO * +Sty/i * +Sty/D * +Sty/R * +TODO ## Morphophonology To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files: * {N} For tagging certain twolc rules as nominal-only Going to try to replace these with flag diacritics if possible. And following triggers to control variation * {#} # - TODO: no need for , but needs to be removed in all files * {m} in nouns: for marking m~n alternations * {mm} in nouns: rare instance of mm ~ n * {C2} in nouns: consonant reduplication in noun declension 4. (yaab ~ yaabab) * {X} in nouns: insertion of some kind in noun definiteness. TODO: twolc rule no longer exists? * {ae} in verbs: umlaut of a~i in some verb stems (seems restricted to specific lexemes, not productive) * {e} in nouns: -e- variation in declension 7 (waraabe ~ waraabaha), not 100% predictable * {-e} in nouns: delete final -e, often used in conjunction with {a}, possible room for cleaning up. * {a} in verbs: Mostly V3B: has alternation between o ~ a. (sigo ~ sigaday) * {-V} in verbs: deletion of specific vowel, used only in affixes, to make stems prettier? room for cleaning * {-I} in verbs: -i- deletions in V3A and -san adjectives * {-a} used specifically in -sho derivations. TODO: change to rule with » ? * {E} part of cliticized ee (CS+Appos) * {y} in verbs: -y- deletion in certain parts of V2 Tone * ´´ ## Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc): * **»7**: Literal » * **«7**: Literal « ``` %[%>%] - Literal > %[%<%] - Literal < ``` ## Flag diacritics We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again: | @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm. | @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first | @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX | @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds | @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R | @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding | @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding | @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R | @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root. Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. * @P.VCLASS.V1@ @R.VCLASS.V1@ * @P.VCLASS.V1ow@ @R.VCLASS.V1ow@ * @P.VCLASS.V1ow2@ @R.VCLASS.V1ow2@ * @P.VCLASS.V2A@ @R.VCLASS.V2A@ * @P.VCLASS.V2B@ @R.VCLASS.V2B@ * @P.VCLASS.V3A@ @R.VCLASS.V3A@ * @P.VCLASS.V3B@ @R.VCLASS.V3B@ * @P.VCLASS.V3B_ADel@ @R.VCLASS.V3B_ADel@ * @P.VCLASS.V3B_ADelPart@ @R.VCLASS.V3B_ADelPart@ * @P.VCLASS.PREFIXING@ * @U.VCLASS.V1@ * @U.VCLASS.V2A@ * @U.VCLASS.V2B@ * @U.VCLASS.V3A@ * @U.VCLASS.V3B@ * @U.VCLASS.UREFIXING@ * @P.ATR.True@ * @R.ATR.True@ Person flags * @U.Pers.1Sg@ * @U.Pers.2Sg@ * @U.Pers.3SgM@ * @U.Pers.3SgF@ * @U.Pers.1Pl@ * @U.Pers.2Pl@ * @U.Pers.3Pl@ * @P.Pers.1Sg@ * @P.Pers.2Sg@ * @P.Pers.3SgM@ * @P.Pers.3SgF@ * @P.Pers.1Pl@ * @P.Pers.2Pl@ * @P.Pers.3Pl@ * @R.Pers.1Sg@ * @R.Pers.2Sg@ * @R.Pers.3SgM@ * @R.Pers.3SgF@ * @R.Pers.1Pl@ * @R.Pers.2Pl@ * @R.Pers.3Pl@ * @R.Gender.Masc@ * @P.Gender.Masc@ * @R.Gender.Fem@ * @P.Gender.Fem@ # The continuation lexica The word forms in Somali start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes, or optionally from prefixes: * LEXICON Root * Abbreviations ; * Nouns ; * ProperNouns ; * Numerals ; * Pronouns ; * Verbs ; * IrregularVerbs ; * VerbalPrefixes ; Certain VP elements often get combined with the verbs in writing. * Adjectives ; Some have verb morphology, and some view them to just be a 4th declension of verbs. * Adverbs ; * Conjunctions ; * Subjunctions ; * Adpositions ; * Determiners ; * Interjections ; * Punctuation ; * Symbols ; ## The following are coming from som-lex.txt * IrregularAdjective ; * Prefixes ; * LEXICON FINAL_NG just adds the +Use/NG tag to lower ## * LEXICON FINAL just adds lower ## These lexica are dummy lexical to make the source compile, they contain only #. * LEXICON Proper * LEXICON Unknown_Declensions * LEXICON Obj_Pron * LEXICON SemiReducedPerson * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/root.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/root.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-adjectives.lexc.md Adjectives Adjectives in the Somali language describe things. * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/adjectives.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-adpositions.lexc.md Real Prepositions These are the few actual prepositions that exist in Somali. * LEXICON RealPrepositions Locative adpositions These are a part of the verb complex, mark other kinds of locations than the basic ones below. Ex.) Gurigaa gashaba hoos buu ka guban. THe house burned down from inside. Simple adpositions These imply something about the motion of the verb. All have high tones. Fusional adpositions Negation The negative marker _ma_ may fuse with the simple adpositions, maintaining its low tone. (ú + ma -> úma) Long form pronouns and adpositions, and CS * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/adpositions.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/adpositions.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-nouns.lexc.md Nouns Nouns in Somali have separate paradigms depending on morphophonological stuff, but are split up into subgroups which correspond to gender polarity groups. Note that items containing ATR should mark the ATR using <¨> before the vowel or at the beginning of the stem if uncertain. ``` doog:¨doog NOUN1_M/SgOnly ; ``` Irregular nouns _il_ and _si_ are both female in singular, and have typical morphology there but, have varying irregular masculine plural forms. * LEXICON IrregNouns * il # Irregular tests examples:* * *il:* `il+N+Fem+Sg+Indef+Abs` * *isha:* `il+N+Fem+Sg+Def+Abs+Prox` * *indho:* `il+N+Masc+Pl+Indef+Abs` * *indhaha:* `il+N+Masc+Pl+Def+Abs+Prox` * il # Irregular tests examples:* * *si:* `si+N+Fem+Sg+Indef+Abs` * *sida:* `si+N+Fem+Sg+Def+Abs+Prox` * *siyaabo:* `si+N+Masc+Pl+Indef+Abs` * *siyaabaha:* `si+N+Masc+Pl+Def+Abs+Prox` Declension 1: F→M TODO: write quick overview of morphosyntax, morphophon -i for some nominatives. Pl is -o. Good amount of nouns with -ad, Fem derivational suffix. * aalad # aalad sample paradigm. examples:* * *aalad:* `aalad+N+Decl/1+Fem+Sg+Indef+Abs` * *aaladda:* `aalad+N+Decl/1+Fem+Sg+Def+Abs+Prox` * *aalado:* `aalad+N+Decl/1+Masc+Pl+Indef+Abs` * *aaladaha:* `aalad+N+Decl/1+Masc+Pl+Def+Abs+Prox` Declension 1: M, sg. only Declension 1: M→M, M→F Declension 1: Masc. Pl. Only Declension 1: Fem. Sg. Only A fair amount of abstract things, and some collective things that probably need to be moved to collective lexica. Declension 2 Declension 2: Collective Groups of things, -ley is a common suffix. Taged with +Coll, but available only in singular. Declension 2: M→F -yo is plural. Declension 2: M→F Some consonant doubling in plurals with -o, some with -yo, no doubling. Declension 2: M→M - Arabic words with Somali plurals. Declension 2: F→F -yo plurals Declension 2: M→F - collectives TODO: these are collectives, but not marked as such and perhaps should be. but also, they have plurals. May be marked as collectives because of Orwin Declension 2: M→F - Mass TODO: these are mass nouns, but not marked as such and perhaps should be. Plurals found in word lists, so maybe these need some special handling. Declension 3: M→M These are fun, because plurals delete the second vowel. Ex.) gabadh -> gabdho; xubin -> xubno Note that some of these have lenis/fortis changes: Ex.) xadhig -> xadhko Declension 3: F→M * gabadh # dh + d -> dh; vowel deletion examples:* * *gabadh:* `gabadh+N+Fem+Sg+Indef+Abs` * *gabadha:* `gabadh+N+Fem+Sg+Def+Abs+Prox` * *gabdho:* `gabadh+N+Masc+Pl+Indef+Abs` * *gabdhaha:* `gabadh+N+Masc+Pl+Def+Abs+Prox` Declension 3: M→M * xadhig # g ~ k; vowel deletion examples:* * *xadhig:* `xadhig+N+Masc+Sg+Indef+Abs` * *xadhigga:* `xadhig+N+Masc+Sg+Def+Abs+Prox` * *xadhko:* `xadhig+N+Masc+Pl+Indef+Abs` * *xadhkaha:* `xadhig+N+Masc+Pl+Def+Abs+Prox` Arabic loan plural forms These are borrowed Arabic plural forms for Arabic loans. Not really predictable but mostly taken from Qaamuuska af-Soomaaliga. Ex.) * amar -> awaamiir * axmaq -> axmaqiin * banki -> bunuug * LEXICON ArabicLoans * guri # Odd-syllable test examples:* * *guri:* `guri+N+Masc+Sg+Indef+Nom` * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/nouns.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-numerals.lexc.md Numerals Numerals in the Somali language are numbers. * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/numerals.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-prefixes.lexc.md Prefixes Prefixes in the Somali language are bound to beginning of other words. * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/prefixes.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/prefixes.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-pronouns.lexc.md Pronouns Pronouns in the Somali language are references to things. * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/pronouns.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/pronouns.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-propernouns.lexc.md Ruuxa the spirit Suuriya placetag "Syrian" ; Suuriyihii * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/propernouns.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/propernouns.lexc) --- # src-fst-morphology-stems-verbs.lexc.md Verbs Verbs in Somali language are actions, and also states. They agree in person and number, and also gender. * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/morphology/stems/verbs.lexc) --- # src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md retroflex plosive, voiceless t` ʈ 0288, 648 (` = ASCII 096) retroflex plosive, voiced d` ɖ 0256, 598 labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625 retroflex nasal n` ɳ 0273, 627 palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626 velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331 uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628 bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665 uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640 alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638 retroflex flap r` ɽ 027D, 637 bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632 bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946 dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952 dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240 postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643 postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658 retroflex fricative, voiceless s` ʂ 0282, 642 retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656 palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231 palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669 velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611 uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967 uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641 pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295 pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661 glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614 alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\ labiodental approximant P (or v\) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r\` velar approximant M\ retroflex lateral approximant l` palatal lateral approximant L velar lateral approximant L\ Clicks bilabial O\ (O = capital letter) dental |\ (post)alveolar !\ palatoalveolar =\ alveolar lateral |\|\ Ejectives, implosives ejective _> e.g. ejective p p_> implosive _< e.g. implosive b b_< Vowels close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7 schwa ə @ open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6 open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\ alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals primary stress " secondary stress % long : half-long :\ extra-short _X linking mark -\ Tones and word accents level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex) contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L contour, rising-falling _R_F (NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.) global rise global fall Diacritics voiceless _0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _" syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n_=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity ` breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ' (or _j) e.g. t' (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\ dental _d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A_~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _} velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript) --- # src-fst-phonology-vh.twolc.md =================================== ! The Somali VH morphophonological file ! =================================== ! * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/phonology-vh.twolc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/phonology-vh.twolc) --- # src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md We describe here how abbreviations are in Somali are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems. For example: * s.:syntynyt # ; * os.:omaa% sukua # ; * v.:vuosi # ; * v.:vuonna # ; * esim.:esimerkki # ; * esim.:esimerkiksi # ; * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc) --- # src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc.md % komma% :, Root ; % tjuohkkis% :%. Root ; % kolon% :%: Root ; % sárggis% :%- Root ; % násti% :%* Root ; * * * This (part of) documentation was generated from [src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc](https://github.com/giellalt/lang-som/blob/main/src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc) --- # tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md [ L A N G U A G E ] G R A M M A R C H E C K E R # DELIMITERS # TAGS AND SETS ## Tags This section lists all the tags inherited from the fst, and used as tags in the syntactic analysis. The next section, **Sets**, contains sets defined on the basis of the tags listed here, those set names are not visible in the output. ### Beginning and end of sentence BOS EOS ### Parts of speech tags N A Adv V Pron CS CC CC-CS Po Pr Pcle Num Interj ABBR ACR CLB LEFT RIGHT WEB PPUNCT PUNCT COMMA ¶ ### Tags for POS sub-categories Pers Dem Interr Indef Recipr Refl Rel Coll NomAg Prop Allegro Arab Romertall ### Tags for morphosyntactic properties Nom Acc Gen Ill Loc Com Ess Ess Sg Du Pl Cmp/SplitR Cmp/SgNom Cmp/SgGen Cmp/SgGen PxSg1 PxSg2 PxSg3 PxDu1 PxDu2 PxDu3 PxPl1 PxPl2 PxPl3 Px Comp Superl Attr Ord Qst IV TV Prt Prs Ind Pot Cond Imprt ImprtII Sg1 Sg2 Sg3 Du1 Du2 Du3 Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Inf ConNeg Neg PrfPrc VGen PrsPrc Ger Sup Actio VAbess Err/Orth ### Semantic tags Sem/Act Sem/Ani Sem/Atr Sem/Body Sem/Clth Sem/Domain Sem/Feat-phys Sem/Fem Sem/Group Sem/Lang Sem/Mal Sem/Measr Sem/Money Sem/Obj Sem/Obj-el Sem/Org Sem/Perc-emo Sem/Plc Sem/Sign Sem/State-sick Sem/Sur Sem/Time Sem/Txt HUMAN PROP-ATTR PROP-SUR TIME-N-SET ### Syntactic tags @+FAUXV @+FMAINV @-FAUXV @-FMAINV @-FSUBJ> @-F<OBJ @-FOBJ> @-FSPRED<OBJ @-F<ADVL @-FADVL> @-F<SPRED @-F<OPRED @-FSPRED> @-FOPRED> @>ADVL @ADVL< @<ADVL @ADVL> @ADVL @HAB> @<HAB @>N @Interj @N< @>A @P< @>P @HNOUN @INTERJ @>Num @Pron< @>Pron @Num< @OBJ @<OBJ @OBJ> @OPRED @<OPRED @OPRED> @PCLE @COMP-CS< @SPRED @<SPRED @SPRED> @SUBJ @<SUBJ @SUBJ> SUBJ SPRED OPRED @PPRED @APP @APP-N< @APP-Pron< @APP>Pron @APP-Num< @APP-ADVL< @VOC @CVP @CNP OBJ

Somali NLP Grammar

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