Divvun & Giellatekno - open source grammars for North Sámi.

North Sámi morphological analyser

Multicharacter symbols

Tags for POS

• +N - Noun
• +A - Adjective
• +Adv - Adverb
• +V - Verb
• +Pron - Pronoun
• +CS - Subjunction
• +CC - Conjunction
• +Adp - Adposition, ie Post- and Prepostion, NOT IN USE
• +Po - Postpostion
• +Pr - Preposition
• +Interj - Interjection
• +Pcle - Particle
• +Num - Numeral

Tags for sub-POS

• +Prop - Propernoun
• +Pers - Personal Pronoun
• +Dem - Demonstrative Pronoun
• +Interr - Interrogative Pronoun
• +Refl - Reflexive Pronoun
• +Recipr - Reciprocal Pronoun
• +Rel - Relative Pronoun
• +Indef - Indefinitive Pronoun
• +Coll - Collective numerals, subtag for +N
• +Arab - Arabic numeral, subtag for +Num
• +Rom - Roman numeral, subtag for +Num
• +Pass - hallat/haddat not in use
• +Known - man (different from maid): mii+Pron+Rel+Sg+Acc+Known

Tags for Inflection

Tags for Case and Number Inflection

• +Sg - Singular
• +Du - Dual

• +Pl - Plural

• +Ess - Essive
• +Nom - Nominative
• +Gen - Genitive
• +Acc - Accusative
• +Ill - Illative
• +Loc - Locative = Inessive and Ellative
• +Com - Comitative
• +Com/Sh - Comitative Plural Hyphened Shortform (w/o -guin), ie Beatnagii-, Biillai-, Bohccui- etc.

Possessive tags

• +PxSg1 Singular First Person
• +PxSg2 Singular Second Person
• +PxSg3 Singular Third Person
• +PxDu1 Dual First Person
• +PxDu2 Dual Second Person
• +PxDu3 Dual Third Person
• +PxPl1 Plural First Person
• +PxPl2 Plural Second Person
• +PxPl3 Plural Third Person

Adjectival tags

• +Attr Attributive
• +Card Cardinal Number Not in use
• +Ord Ordinal Number

Moods

• +Ind Indicative
• +Pot Potential
• +Cond Conditional
• +Imprt Imperative

Tenses

• +Prs Present Tense
• +Prt Past Tense, Preterite

Verb person-number

• +Sg1 Singular First Person
• +Sg2 Singular Second Person
• +Sg3 Singular Third Person
• +Du1 Dual First Person
• +Du2 Dual Second Person
• +Du3 Dual Third Person
• +Pl1 Plural First Person
• +Pl2 Plural Second Person
• +Pl3 Plural Third Person

Infinite verb forms

• +Inf Infinitive
• +Ger Gerund
• +ConNeg Negation Form, ie Mana, Doalvvo, Juoge etc
• +ConNegII Alternative, Rather Declamatory Negation Form - Infrequent
• +Neg Negation Verb, Ii and its forms, ie Ale, Alli, Allot, Ehpet, Eat etc.
• +ImprtII Alternative, Rather Declamatory Imperative Form - Infrequent not in use
• +PrsPrc Present Participe
• +PrfPrc Perfect Participe
• +Sup Supine
• +VGen VerbGenitive
• +VAbess VerbAbbesive
• +Actio Action Verb Form

Other tags

• +Gram/Comp Comparative, adverbs

• +Gram/Superl Superlative, adverbs

• +ABBR Abbreviation, subtag for e.g. +N
• +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, ©
• +ACR Acronym, subtag for +N
• +CLB Clause border (full stop, comma..)
• +PUNCT punctuation
• +LEFT left paranthesis
• +RIGHT right paranthesis
• +MIDDLE in-word punctuation, typically hyphen, used to indicate a measurement span of some sort
• +Dyn Dynamically generated (acronyms) +ACR+Dyn

• +CLBfinal Sentence final abbreviated expression ending in full stop, so that the full stop is ambiguous

• +TV Transitive Verb, +V+TV
• +IV Intransitive Verb, +V+IV
• +G3 Grade 2-3 for homonymies with grade 1-2, +N+G3
• +G7 Grade 3, no consonant gradation, +N+G7

• +NomAg Actor Noun From Verb - Nomen Agentis, +N+NomAg

• +Gram/TAbbr: Transitive abbreviation (it needs an argument)
• +Gram/NoAbbr: Intransitive abbreviations that are homonymous with more frequent words. They should only be considered abbreviations in the middle of a sentence.
• +Gram/TNumAbbr: Transitive abbreviation if the following constituent is numeric
• +Gram/NumNoAbbr: Transitive abbreviations for which numerals are complements and normal words. The abbreviation usage is less common and thus only the occurences in the middle of the sentence can be considered as true cases.
• +Gram/TIAbbr: Both transitive and intransitive abbreviation
• +Gram/IAbbr: Intransitive abbreviation (it takes no argument)
• +Gram/3syll: trisyllabic verbs

Question and Focus particles:

• +Qst Question Particle: +Pcle+Qst
• +Subqst Embedded Question Particle: +Adv+Subqst
• +Foc/naj Focus clitic
• +Foc/Neg-ge Focus clitic
• +Foc/Pos-ge Focus clitic
• +Foc/gen Focus clitic
• +Foc/ges Focus clitic
• +Foc/gis Focus clitic
• +Foc/ba Focus clitic
• +Foc/be Focus clitic
• +Foc/hal Focus clitic
• +Foc/han Focus clitic
• +Foc/bai Focus clitic
• +Foc/bas Focus clitic
• +Foc/bat Focus clitic
• +Foc/ban Focus clitic
• +Foc/son Focus clitic
• +Foc/bahal Focus clitic
• +Foc/behal Focus clitic
• +Foc/bahan Focus clitic
• +Foc/behan Focus clitic
• +Foc/bason Focus clitic
• +Foc/beson Focus clitic
• +Foc/mat Focus clitic
• +Foc/mis Focus clitic
• +Foc/s Focus clitic

Tags distinguishing different versions of the same lemma (before POS)

• +v1
• +v2
• +v3
• +v4
• +v5
• +v6
• +v7
• +v8
• +v9
• +v10
• +v11
• +v12
• +v13
• +v14
• +v15
• +v16
• +v17
• +v18
• +v19
• +v20
• +v21
• +v22
• +v23
• +v24

Note: These high +v… number are in use for one word only: doavttergrádakursa

Escaped chars

• ** % **
• +Guess for the name guesser
• ** +MWE ** - Multi-word expressions treated as such in the preprocessor. To be added as first tag after the lemma

• +Span - used for numerical expressions denoting spans or intervals, like 5-10, 2012-2015, etc

• +PxCPlComRecipr used in pronoun-sme-morph.txt

Error (non-standard language) tags

• +Err/Orth substandard, not in normative fst
• +Err/Orth-a-á substandard, not in normative fst
• +Err/Orth-nom-gen substandard, not in normative fst
• +Err/Orth-nom-acc substandard, not in normative fst
• +Err/Lex substandard, not in normative fst, no normative lemma
• +Err/DerSub substandard for derivation, not in normative fst, no normative lemma
• +Err/CmpSub substandard for compounding, not in normative fst (wrong form or POS in first part)
• +Err/MissingSpace indicates that there is a missing space, causing an orthographic error
• +Err/MissingHyph when there is no hyphen where it should have been
• +Err/Hyph when there is a hyphen where none should have been
• +Err/SpaceCmp used for compounds written apart - only retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Err/Spellrelax used to tag spellrelaxed typos (tag is inserted via flag diacritics)
• +Err/Confused grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-Ess grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-ASgNom grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-DerPassPrsSg3 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-NSgPxSg1 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-NomAgIll grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-ImprtDu1 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-DerPassPrtSg3 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-ImprtSg2 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs
• +Err/Confused-ImprtPl2 grammarcheking rela word error confusion pairs

Usage tags

• +Use/-Spell Orthographically correct, typically perifer words, excluded in speller because they cause trouble for frequent words
• +Use/-PLX Excluded in PLX-speller
• +Use/SpellNoSugg recognized but not suggested in speller
• +Use/Circ circular paths (old ^C^)
• +Use/CircN circular paths for the numerals (old ^N^)
• +Use/MT Generate for MT only, for restricting analyses needed for MT generation not to pop up elsewhere (NOT IN FUNCTION)
• +Use/LIA only for LIA-analyser
• +Use/NG not-generate, for ped generation isme-ped.fst and MT
• +Use/NGminip Not for miniparadigm in NDS dicts
• +Use/PMatch means that the following is only used in the analyser feeding the disambiguator
• +Use/-PMatch Do not include in fst’s made for hfst-pmatch
• +Use/GC – only retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Use/-GC – never retained in the HFST Grammar Checker disambiguation analyser
• +Use/TTS – only retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
• +Use/-TTS – never retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
• +MWESplit Split point for MWE

Dialect tags:

• +Dial/-KJ forms not in use in KJ (Kárásjohka)
• +Dial/-GG forms not in use in GG (Guovdageaidnu)
• +Dial/-GS forms not in use in GS (Gárasavvon) NOT IN USE
• +South foreløpig lagt til Sg Loc -n, som er en sub-form

Tags for indicating the orthography used

+Orth/Strd - Standard orthography +Orth/IPA - IPA transcription

The above should either be used in pairs, or not at all. That is, if a word doesn’t need an IPA stem (because the word in all its inflection can be converted to IPA by the standard IPA conversion rules), then none of these tags should be used. On the other hand, if the word has a spelling that doesn’t follow the orthographic rules, and thus needs an exceptional IPA stem to get it right, then the exceptional stem must be marked with the +Orth/IPA, and the regular orthography stem must be marked with the tag +Orth/Strd. This is so that we can exclude the one or the other from different fst’s, but only when the oposite stem variant is present.

Tags for indicating alternative orthographies, cf configure.ac

+AltOrth/standard - Standard orthography +AltOrth/bergslan - Bergsland-Ruong orthography +AltOrth/-standard - NOT Standard orthography +AltOrth/-bergslan - NOT Bergsland-Ruong orthography

Multichars for marking start and end of IPA sequences

• %{%<ipa#%} - ipa text to the left
• %{#ipa%>%} - ipa text to the right
• %<sent%> - apertium

Compounding tags

The tags are of the following form:

• +CmpNP/xxx - Normative (N), Position (P), ie the tag describes what position the tagged word can be in in a compound
• +CmpN/xxx - Normative (N) form ie the tag describes what form the tagged word should use when making compounds
• +Cmp/xxx - Descriptive compounding tags, ie tags that describes what form a word actually is using in a compound

This entry / word should be in the following position(s):

• +CmpNP/All - … in all positions, default, this tag does not have to be written
• +CmpNP/First - … only be first part in a compound or alone
• +CmpNP/Pref - … only first part in a compound, NEVER alone
• +CmpNP/Last - … only be last part in a compound or alone
• +CmpNP/Suff - … only last part in a compound, NEVER alone
• +CmpNP/None - … does not take part in compounds
• +CmpNP/Only - … only be part of a compound, i.e. can never be used alone, but can appear in any position

If unmarked, any position goes.

The tagged part of the compound should make a compound using:

• +CmpN/SgN Singular Nominative
• +CmpN/SgG Singular Genitive
• +CmpN/PlG Plural Genitive
• +CmpN/PlN Plural Nominative, propers!

Unmarked = Default, ie +CmpN/SgN for SME.

The second part of the compound may require that the previous (left part) is:

• +CmpN/SgNomLeft Singular Nominative
• +CmpN/SgGenLeft Singular Genitive
• +CmpN/PlGenLeft Plural Genitive

Tags for descriptive compound analysis - this is what a compound actually is:

• +Cmp - Dynamic compound. This tag should always be part of a dynamic compound. It is important for Apertium, and useful in other cases as well.
• +Cmp/Attr - Attributive
• +Cmp/SgNom - Singular Nominative
• +Cmp/SgGen - Singular Genitive
• +Cmp/PlGen - Plural Genitiv
• +Cmp/SplitR - This is a split compound with the split part to the left (pointing right): “Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet” => Arbeids- = +Cmp/SplitR
• +Cmp/SplitL - This is a split compound with the split part to the right (pointing left):”arbeidsbuss og -bil” => -bil = +Cmp/SplitL Not used in the present system, the phenomenon is quite marginal.
• +Cmp/Sh - Tag for marking short form compound stems
• +Cmp/Hyph - on dynamic compounds that have a hyphen
• +Cmp/NoHyph - On compounds that COULD have had a hyphen (and usually have), but doesn’t
• +Cmp/SoftHyph - Tags compounds containing SOFT HYPHENS (U+00AD)
• +Cmp/Cit - Tags citation compounds, which can in principle cover any word. Requires a hyphen.

Compounding tag ordering

To ease writing and maintaining regexes etc for manipulating and enforcing compounding, it is important to keep the tags in a certain order. The order is:

1. +CmpN/ tags
2. +CmpNP/ tags
3. +Cmp/ tags - this is always true since the descriptive tags are always part of the continuation lexicons, and will be located after the POS tag.

Semantic tags to help disambiguation & synt. analysis: (before POS)

• +Sem/Act = Activity
• +Sem/Adr = Webadr
• +Sem/Amount = Amount
• +Sem/Ani = Animate
• +Sem/Aniprod = Animal Product
• +Sem/Body = Bodypart
• +Sem/Body-abstr = siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi, (noe man kan bruke i fysisk aktivitet som en kroppsdel, f.eks. synet, stemmen, etc.)
• +Sem/Build = Building
• +Sem/Build-room = Room in a building, typically place to be
• +Sem/Buildpart = Part of Bulding, like the wall
• +Sem/Cat = Category
• +Sem/Clth = Clothes
• +Sem/Clth-jewl = Jewelery
• +Sem/Clthpart = part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji…
• +Sem/Ctain = Container
• +Sem/Ctain-abstr = Abstract container like bank account
• +Sem/Ctain-clth = Soft container, like a rucksack
• +Sem/Curr = Currency like dollár, Not Money
• +Sem/Date = Date
• +Sem/Dance = Dance
• +Sem/Dir = Direction like GPS-kursa
• +Sem/Domain = Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
• +Sem/Drink = Drink
• +Sem/Dummytag = Dummytag
• +Sem/Edu = Educational event
• +Sem/Event = Event
• +Sem/Feat = Feature, like Árvu. (noe som man kan ha mye eller lite av, det kan være en skala og som er på en måte karakteriserende (høyde, vekt, farge, kreativitet etc.)
• +Sem/Feat-phys = Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
• +Sem/Feat-psych = Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Feat-measr = Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Fem = Female name
• +Sem/Food = Food
• +Sem/Food-med = Medicine
• +Sem/Fruit = Fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts
• +Sem/Furn = Furniture
• +Sem/Game = Game
• +Sem/Geom = Geometrical object
• +Sem/Group = Animal or Human Group
• +Sem/Hum = Human
• +Sem/Hum-abstr = Human abstract
• +Sem/Hum-prof = Human professional
• +Sem/Ideol = Ideology
• +Sem/ID = ID
• +Sem/Lang = Language
• +Sem/Mal = Male name
• +Sem/Mat = Material for producing things
• +Sem/Measr = Measure
• +Sem/Money = Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
• +Sem/Obj = Object
• +Sem/Obj-clo = Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-cogn = Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-el = (Electrical) machine or apparatus
• +Sem/Obj-ling = Object with something written on it
• +Sem/Obj-rope = flexible ropelike object
• +Sem/Obj-surfc = Surface object
• +Sem/Org = Organisation
• +Sem/Part = Feature, oassi, bealli
• Perc = (perception) er noe man kan kjenne i en begrensa periode og som er forårsaka av noe utenifra, f.eks. Mus lea ballu. Mus lea bavččas.
• +Sem/Perc-cogn = Cognitive perception
• +Sem/Perc-emo = Emotional perception
• +Sem/Perc-phys = Physical perception
• +Sem/Perc-psych = Psychological perception
• +Sem/Phonenr = Telephone number
• +Sem/Plant = Plant
• +Sem/Plantpart = Plant part
• +Sem/Plc = Place
• +Sem/Plc-abstr = Abstract place
• +Sem/Plc-elevate = Place
• +Sem/Plc-line = Place
• +Sem/Plc-water = Place
• +Sem/Pos = Position (as in social position job)
• +Sem/Process = Process
• +Sem/Prod = Product
• +Sem/Prod-audio = Audio product
• +Sem/Prod-cogn = Cognition product
• +Sem/Prod-ling = Linguistic product
• +Sem/Prod-vis = Visual product
• +Sem/Rel = Relation
• +Sem/Route = Route
• +Sem/Rule = Rule or convention
• +Sem/Semcon = Semantic concept
• +Sem/Sign = Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
• +Sem/Sport = Sport
• +Sem/State = State
• +Sem/State-sick = Illness
• +Sem/Substnc = Substance, like Air and Water
• +Sem/Sur = Surname
• +Sem/Symbol = Symbol
• +Sem/Time = Time
• +Sem/Time-clock = Time clock
• +Sem/Tool = Prototypical tool for repairing things
• +Sem/Tool-catch = Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
• +Sem/Tool-clean = Tool used for cleaning
• +Sem/Tool-it = Tool used in IT
• +Sem/Tool-measr = Tool used for measuring
• +Sem/Tool-music = Music instrument
• +Sem/Tool-write = Writing tool
• +Sem/Txt = Text (girji, lávlla…)
• +Sem/Veh = Vehicle
• +Sem/Wpn = Weapon
• +Sem/Wthr = The Weather or the state of ground
• +Sem/Year - year (i.e. 1000 - 2999), used only for numerals

Multiple Semantic tags:

• +Sem/Act_Fruit
• +Sem/Act_Group Activity and Group
• +Sem/Act_Hum Activity and Human
• +Sem/Act_Plc A persons job is an activity, and a place as well
• +Sem/Act_Route Activity and Route, ie johtolat
• +Sem/Act_Tool-it
• +Sem/Amount_Build Amount and Building
• +Sem/Amount_Semcon
• +Sem/Ani_Body-abstr_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Build
• +Sem/Ani_Buildpart
• +Sem/Ani_Build_Hum_Txt
• +Sem/Ani-fish
• +Sem/Ani_Group
• +Sem/Ani_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Group_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Ani_Hum
• +Sem/Ani_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Ani_Hum_Time
• +Sem/Ani_Plc
• +Sem/Ani_Plc_Txt
• +Sem/Ani_Time
• +Sem/Ani_Veh
• +Sem/Aniprod_Hum
• +Sem/Aniprod_Obj-clo
• +Sem/Aniprod_Perc-phys
• +Sem/Aniprod_Plc
• +Sem/Aniprod_Plc_Route
• +Sem/Body-abstr_Feat-psych
• +Sem/Body-abstr_Prod-audio_Semcon
• +Sem/Body_Body-abstr
• +Sem/Body_Clth
• +Sem/Body_Food
• +Sem/Body_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Body_Group_Hum_Time
• +Sem/Body_Hum
• +Sem/Body_Mat
• +Sem/Body_Measr
• +Sem/Body_Obj_Tool-catch
• +Sem/Body_Plant
• +Sem/Body_Plc
• +Sem/Body_Plc-elevate
• +Sem/Body_Time
• +Sem/Build_Clthpart
• +Sem/Build_Edu_Org
• +Sem/Build_Event_Org
• +Sem/Build_Obj
• +Sem/Build_Org
• +Sem/Build_Route
• +Sem/Build-room_Cat_Ctain_Mat
• +Sem/Build-room_Org
• +Sem/Buildpart_Cat
• +Sem/Buildpart_Cat_Ctain
• +Sem/Buildpart_Cat_Ctain_Mat
• +Sem/Buildpart_Ctain
• +Sem/Buildpart_Ctain_Mat
• +Sem/Buildpart_Ctain_Obj
• +Sem/Buildpart_Org
• +Sem/Cat_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Cat_Group_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Cat_Edu
• +Sem/Cat_Obj
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr_Obj
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Curr_Obj_Org
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Fruit
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Money
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Plant
• +Sem/Clth_Hum
• +Sem/Clth_Obj-clo
• +Sem/Ctain-abstr_Org
• +Sem/Ctain-clth_Plant
• +Sem/Ctain-clth_Veh
• +Sem/Ctain_Feat-phys
• +Sem/Ctain_Furn
• +Sem/Ctain_Plc
• +Sem/Ctain_Tool
• +Sem/Ctain_Tool-measr
• +Sem/Curr_Org
• +Sem/Dance_Org
• +Sem/Dance_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Domain_Food-med
• +Sem/Domain_Hum
• +Sem/Domain_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Drink_Plant
• +Sem/Edu_Event
• +Sem/Edu_Geom
• +Sem/Edu_Group_Hum
• +Sem/Edu_Hum
• +Sem/Edu_Mat
• +Sem/Edu_Org
• +Sem/Event_Food
• +Sem/Event_Hum
• +Sem/Event_Plc
• +Sem/Event_Plc-elevate
• +Sem/Event_Time
• +Sem/Feat-measr_Plc
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Tool-write
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Veh
• +Sem/Feat-phys_Wthr
• +Sem/Feat-psych_Hum
• +Sem/Feat-psych_Plc
• +Sem/Food_Obj-surfc
• +Sem/Feat_Plant
• +Sem/Food_Perc-phys
• +Sem/Food_Plant
• +Sem/Food_Sign
• +Sem/Fruit_Hum
• +Sem/Game_Obj-play
• +Sem/Geom_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Geom_Obj
• +Sem/Group_Hum
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Org
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Plc-abstr
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Group_Hum_Time
• +Sem/Group_Org
• +Sem/Group_Prod-vis
• +Sem/Group_Sign
• +Sem/Group_Txt
• +Sem/Hum_Lang
• +Sem/Hum_Lang_Plc
• +Sem/Hum_Lang_Time
• +Sem/Hum_Mat_Tool
• +Sem/Hum_Obj
• +Sem/Hum_Org
• +Sem/Hum_Org_Pos
• +Sem/Hum_Part
• +Sem/Hum_Plant
• +Sem/Hum_Plc
• +Sem/Hum_Pos
• +Sem/Hum_Prod-vis !ikona
• +Sem/Hum_Sign
• +Sem/Hum_Tool
• +Sem/Hum_Tool-it = Human
• +Sem/Hum_Veh
• +Sem/Hum_Wthr
• +Sem/Lang_Tool
• +Sem/Mat_Plant
• +Sem/Mat_Txt
• +Sem/Measr_Obj_Time
• +Sem/Measr_Sign = Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
• +Sem/Measr_Time
• +Sem/Money_Obj
• +Sem/Money_Org
• +Sem/Money_Part
• +Sem/Money_Txt
• +Sem/Obj-play
• +Sem/Obj-play_Sport
• +Sem/Obj_Semcon
• +Sem/Obj_Sign
• +Sem/Obj_Veh
• +Sem/Clth-jewl_Org
• +Sem/Obj_Symbol
• +Sem/Org_Rule
• +Sem/Org_Buildpart
• +Sem/Org_Txt
• +Sem/Org_Veh
• +Sem/Part_Prod-cogn
• +Sem/Part_Substnc
• +Sem/Perc-emo_Wthr
• +Sem/Plant_Plantpart
• +Sem/Plant_Tool
• +Sem/Plant_Tool-measr
• +Sem/Plc-abstr_Rel_State
• +Sem/Plc-abstr_Route
• +Sem/Plc_Pos
• +Sem/Plc_Route
• +Sem/Plc_Semcon
• +Sem/Plc_State
• +Sem/Plc_Substnc
• +Sem/Plc_Substnc_Wthr
• +Sem/Plc_Time
• +Sem/Plc_Tool-catch
• +Sem/Plc_Txt
• +Sem/Plc_Wthr
• +Sem/Prod-audio_Rule
• +Sem/Prod-audio_Txt
• +Sem/Prod-cogn_Txt
• +Sem/Semcon_Txt
• +Sem/Obj_State
• +Sem/Substnc_Wthr
• +Sem/Plc_Time_Wthr
• +Sem/Time_Wthr
• +Sem/State-sick_Substnc
• +Sem/Obj-ling_Obj-surfc
• +Sem/Org_Prod-audio
• +Sem/Org_Prod-cogn

• +Sem/Org_Prod-vis

• +Allegro from LEXICON GOADE-IU-

Tags for derivation

Explanation:

• Combinations 1, 2, 3, 1+2, 2+3, 1+3, 1+2+3 are ok, all other ones are blocked.
• The suffixes marked as +Der1+Der2 to the right cannot combine with Der2, they have already “saturated” their Der2-part.
• Phonotactically, Der1 are initial consonants C, Der2 are VCV, and Der2 are of a different kind, more like compounding.
• This whole Der123 business is to prevent back-derivation of boahtigoahtijuvvohallat and the like.
• Computationally, the +Der1 etc tags are replaced with flag diacritics blocking forbidden combinations.

Positional derivational tags

+Der1	+Der2	+Der3	+Der4	POS transition	Comments
+Der/Dimin				NN	(was: Der/aš & Der/š)
+Der/lasj				NA
+Der/meahttun				VA
+Der/d				VV
+Der/h				VV	- -hit/Causative
+Der/Caus				VV	- -ahtti/Causative
+Der/huhtti				VV
+Der/l				VV
+Der/st				VV
+Der/las				VA	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/Car				NA	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/laakan				AA	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/halla				VV	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/huvva				VV	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/stuvva				VV	* +Der1+Der2 - can only combine with Der3
+Der/PassS				VV	- short passive
	+Der/t			NA
	+Der/ár			ACRO>N
	+Der/NomAg			VN
	+Der/NomAct			VN	Der/NomAct har to realisasjonar, med ulike restriksjonar, this is previous Der/eapmi
	+Der/sasj			NA
	+Der/adda			VV
	+Der/alla			VV
	+Der/AAdv			QA	check this!
	+Der/easti			VV
	+Der/laagasj			QA
	+Der/Comp			AA
	+Der/Superl			AA
		+Der/PassL		VV	long passive
		+Der/vuota		AN
			+Der/InchL	VV
			+Der/amoš	VN
			+Der/eamoš	VN
			+Der/geahtes	VA
			+Der/keahtta	VA
			+Der/muš	VN
			+Der/supmi	VN
			+Der/upmi	VN

Non-positional derivations

All non-positional derivations should be preceded by the following tag, to make it possible to target regular expressions at all derivations in a language-independent way: just specify +Der|+Der1 .. +Der4 and you are set.

Tag	POS transition	Comment
+Der	n/a	generic derivation tag used in front of all non-positional derivations.
+Der/veara	NA#
+Der/viđá	NA#
+Der/viđi	NA#
+Der/has	?	only one in the code

Miscellanious list

See lexicons NAMAT and SAS for these:

• +Der/A = Adjective derivated from Noun or Verb
• +Der/Adv = Adverb derivated from Adjective

Tags for originating language

The following tags are used to guide conversion to IPA: loan words and foreign names are usually pronounced (approximately) as in the originating (majority) language. Instead of trying to identify the correct pronunciation based on phonotactics (orthotactics actually), we tag all words that can’t be correctly transcribed using the SME transcriber with source language codes. Once tagged, it is possible to split the lexical transducer in smaller ones according to langu- age, and apply different IPA conversion to each of them. The principle of tagging is that we only tag to the extent needed, and following a priority:

1. any untagged word is pronounced with SME orthographic conventions
2. NNO and NOB have identical pronunciation, NNO is only used if different in spelling from NOB
3. SWE has mostly the same pronunciation as NOB, and is only used if different in spelling from NOB
4. Occasionally even SME (the default) may be tagged, to block other languages from being specified, mainly during semi-automatic language tagging sessions All in all, we want to get as much correctly transcribed to IPA with as little work as possible. On the other hand, if more words are tagged than strictly needed, this should pose no problem as long as the IPA conversion is correct - at least some words will get the same pronunciation whether read as SME or NOB/NNO/SWE.

• +OLang/SME = North Sámi
• +OLang/SMJ = Lule Sámi
• +OLang/SMA = South Sámi
• +OLang/FIN = Finnish
• +OLang/SWE = Swedish
• +OLang/NOB = Norw. bokmål
• +OLang/NNO = Norw. nynorsk
• +OLang/ENG = English
• +OLang/HUN = Hungarian
• +OLang/RUS = Russian
• +OLang/UND = Undefined
• +OLang/PARA = parallelle navn, navnet skal ikke overføres til andre samisk språk

Triggers for morphophonological rules

• X1 = Diphthong Simplification, Metaphony
• X2 = Diphthong Simplification, Metaphony, Word Final Neutralization of g8, h8, m8
• X3 = Diphthong Simplification, Metaphony
• X4 = WeG, Vowel Shortening, Stem vowel alternations, Word Final Deletion of n8 m8 g8 h8
• X5 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations
• X6 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Metaphony, Word Final Deletion of n8 m8 g8 h8
• X7 = Vowel Shortening, Stem vowel alternations, Word Final Neutralization of g8, h8, m8
• X8 = WeG, Vowel Shortening, Metaphony, Stem Vowel alternations, Word Final Deletion of n8 m8 g8 h8
• X9 = WeG, Dipthtong simplification, Word Final Deletion of n8 m8 g8 h8
• Y1 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Stem Vowel alternations,
• Y2 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Stem Vowel alternations,
• Y3 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Stem Vowel alternations,
• Y4 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Stem Vowel alternations,
• Y5 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Word Final Consonant Deletion, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations
• Y6 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Word Final Consonant Deletion, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations
• Y7 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations
• Y8 = Not in use
• Y9 = Lengthening of Central Consonants, Diphthong Simplification
• Q1 = Stem vowel alternations,
• Q2 = Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations,
• Q3 = Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations,
• Q4 = WeG, Stem vowel alternations,
• Q5 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations,
• Q6 = WeG, Vowel shortening,
• Q7 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Metaphony,
• Q8 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations,
• Q9 = Not in use
• W1 = WeG, Vowel Shortening
• W2 = Vowel Shortening,
• W3 = Stem vowel deletion in compounding,
• W4 = WeG, Word Final Cluster Simplification, Optional vowel-shortening, Word Final Deletion of n8 m8 g8 h8
• W5 = WeG, Diphthong Simplification, Stem vowel alternations
• W6 = Stem vowel alternations, WeG,
• W7 = Stem vowel alternations, WeG
• W8 = Stem vowel alternations,
• W9 = Not in use
• %^DISIMP = diphthong simpification

Morphophonemes and Sámi letters

• b9 = twol rule override, so that b doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• e7 = shortened i = “e with dot below” from the dictionary
• e9 = twol rule override, so that e doesn’t turn into i infront of j
• d9 = twol rule override, so that d doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• g8 = Word Final Neutralization and Deletion
• g9 = twol rule override, so that g doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• h7 =
• h8 = Word Final Neutralization and Deletion
• h9 = twol rule override, so that h doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• i7 = twol rule override, so that i doesn’t turn into e in certain contextes
• j9 = twol rule override, so that j doesn’t turn into i after i
• k9 = twol rule override, so that k doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• m8 = Word Final Neutralization and Deletion
• m9 = twol rule override, so that m doesn’t turn into n infront of hash
• n8 = Word Final Neutralization and Deletion
• n9 = twol rule override,
• o7 = shortened u = “o with dot below” from the dictionary
• o9 = twol rule override, so that o doesn’t turn into u infront of j
• p9 = twol rule override, so that p doesn’t turn into t infront of hash
• s9 = twol rule override, so that we can have two ss in front of hash
• t9 = twol rule override, so that we can have st in front of hash
• u7 =
• z9 = twol rule override, to avoid Word Final Consonant Neutralization
• ž9 = twol rule override, to avoid Word Final Consonant Neutralization
• š9 = twol rule override, so that we can have two šš in front of hash
• r9 =
• æ7 = in smi, for lulesámi
• u6 = twol rule override, so that u doesn’t turn into o in certain contextes
• æ9 = in smi, for lulesámi

∑ = a symbol used in front of # to block backtracking and mwe reanalysis in hfst-tokenise (e.g. in dynanic compounds). Makes it possible to distinguish lexical and dynamic compounds in rules. It is converted to zero together with #.

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

• »
• «

• (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with > as morpheme boundary)

• < (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with < as morpheme boundary)
• #

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:

Flag	Explanation
@P.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@D.NeedNoun.ON@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@C.NeedNoun@	(Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@P.Vgen.add@	(Dis)allow VGen
@R.Vgen.add@	(Dis)allow VGen
@P.12p.add@	(Dis)allow 1. and 2. pers forms
@R.12p.add@	(Dis)allow 1. and 2. pers forms
@P.Pmatch.Loc@	Used on multi-token analyses; tell hfst-tokenise/pmatch where in the form/analysis the token should be split.
@P.Pmatch.Backtrack@	Used on single-token analyses; tell hfst-tokenise/pmatch to backtrack by reanalysing the substrings before and after this point in the form (to find combinations of shorter analyses that would otherwise be missed)

Flag	Explanation
@D.ErrOrth.ON@
@C.ErrOrth@
@P.ErrOrth.ON@
@R.ErrOrth.ON@

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm.

Flag	Explanation
@P.CmpFrst.FALSE@	Require that words tagged as such only appear first
@D.CmpPref.TRUE@	Block such words from entering ENDLEX
@P.CmpPref.FALSE@	Block these words from making further compounds
@D.CmpLast.TRUE@	Block such words from entering R
@D.CmpNone.TRUE@	Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.FALSE@	Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.TRUE@	Combines with the two previous ones to block compounding
@P.CmpOnly.TRUE@	Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@	Disallow words coming directly from root.
@D.CmpHyph.TRUE@	Flag to control hyphenated compounds like proper nouns
@U.CmpHyph.FALSE@	Flag to control hyphenated compounds like proper nouns
@U.CmpHyph.TRUE@	Flag to control hyphenated compounds like proper nouns
@C.CmpHyph@	Flag to control hyphenated compounds like proper nouns

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags.

Flag	Explanation
@U.Cap.Obl@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@U.Cap.Opt@	Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

• @U.NeedsVowRed.OFF@ is used to force hyphenation/non-reduction: samediggi-
• @U.NeedsVowRed.ON@ is used to force reduction w/o hyphen: samedigge#xxx

• @C.NeedsVowRed@ Clearing this feature, so that it doesn’t interfere with further compounding

• @C.Px@
• @C.Nom3Px@
• @P.Px.add@
• @R.Px.add@
• @P.Px.block@
• @D.Px.block@
• @P.Nom12Px.add@
• @R.Nom12Px.add@
• @P.Nom3Px.add@

• @R.Nom3Px.add@

• @R.SpellRlx.ON@ Flag used to tag spell-relax-analysed strings (and only those).
• @D.SpellRlx.ON@ Flag used to tag spell-relax-analysed strings (and only those).

• @C.SpellRlx@ Flag used to tag spell-relax-analysed strings (and only those).

• @R.SpaceCmp.ON@ Flag to tag compounds written with a space
• @D.SpaceCmp.ON@ Flag to tag compounds written with a space
• @C.SpaceCmp@ Flag to tag compounds written with a space+

Flag diacritic	Explanation
@U.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.ten@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@U.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.one@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.two@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.three@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.four@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.five@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.six@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.seven@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.eight@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.nine@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.ten@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;
@P.number.zero@	Flag used to give arabic numerals in smj different cases ;

Basic lexica, pointing to the other lexicon files

• LEXICON Root is the basic lexicon starting everything

Abbreviation

• LEXICON Acronym

• LEXICON ProperNoun

Lexicon ENDLEX And this is the ENDLEX of everything:

@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@@D.CmpPref.TRUE@@D.NeedNoun.ON@ ENDLEX2 ;

The @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ flag diacritic is used to disallow words tagged with +CmpNP/Only to end here. The @D.NeedNoun.ON@ flag diacritic is used to block illegal compounds.

ENDLEX2

ENDLEX3

ENDLEX4

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc