Morphophonological rules for Bokmål

On this page

• Sets and definitions
  • Alphabet
  • Boundary symbols
  • Morphophonological triggers
    • Triggers for nominal rules
    • Trigers for verbal rules
    • Triggers for common rules (both for N and V)
    • Nynorsk trigger
  • Sets
• Rule section
  • Umlaut
  • Vowel deletions rules
  • Consonant deletion
  • Insertion rules
  • Compound rule
  • Clitics
  • Nynorsk dictionary rules

Morphophonological rules for Bokmål

This file documents the phonology.twolc file

Sets and definitions

Alphabet

We declare both the a-å letters and all other possible letters.

• a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z æ ø å
• á é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ä ë ö ü ï â ê ô û î ã ý þ ñ ð ß ç
• A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Æ Ø Å
• Á É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ù Ì Ä Ë Ö Ü Ï Â Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý þ Ñ Ð
• ‘ This is the apostrophe
• l7:l This l not deleted by t
• e7:e This e not deleted by vowel-initial suffixes (ide - ideen)

Boundary symbols

Morpheme boundaries and escaped quotes - do not delete in twolc, they will be converted to zero/the real thing at a later stage.

• %#
• %>
• %<
• %|»
• %|«
• %[%<%]
• %[%>%]

Morphophonological triggers

These symbols cause the twolc rules to work.

Triggers for nominal rules

• X1:0 = Epenthetic vowel moden:modne
• X2:0 = …
• X3:0 = Plural r deletion -er, -ene
• X4:0 = dumm:dum Delete m
• X5:0 = um deletion, faktum:fakta
• X6:0 = t:d weakening, oppskjørtet:oppskjørtede

Trigers for verbal rules

• Q1:0 = Passive
• Q2:0 = …
• Q3:0 = Verb vowel and geminate deltion kalte, fylte

Triggers for common rules (both for N and V)

• Z1:0 = o:ø, a:e Umlaut
• Z2:0 = protects vowel

Nynorsk trigger

• %^NYNAG:0 ; Trigger for Nynorsk dictionary forms.

Sets

• Vow = a e i o u y æ ø å e7 ;
• Cns = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z l7 ;
• LNR = l n r ;
• Dummy = X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 Q1 Q2 Q3 Z1 Z2 %^NYNAG ;

Rule section

This section shows the twolc rules and the tests used to check whether they work

Umlaut

Umlaut Rule for bok : bøker etc. It shifts the vowels u, o, a, å to y, ø, e, e, respectively when Z1 is found after the stem.

Vowel deletions rules

Epenthetic Deletion Rule is actually 3 rules in one: 1) it deletes -e- in moden : modne etc, 2) it deletes the stem -e in hare + -er and 3) it delets suffix -e in ærlig + est > ærligst

Tests: (star denotes negativ test, test that is supposed to fail)

Delete foreign vowel Rule for deleting final a or o in words like kollega : kolleger. Trigger symbol to the right is X2.

Tests:

Consonant deletion

Consonant shortening before deletion Rule

Tests:

Geminate deletion in front of -t and -d Rule deletes: 1) before Q3 and d or t (kaller:kalte) 2) before passive Q1 t (lykkes:lyktes) and 3) before epenthetic -e- and l, n or r (sikker:sikre)

Tests:

Delete r Rule deletes r in plural -er to get -er + -ne = plural -ene

Delete m Rule for kam:kammen, here we delete the second m when word-final.

um Deletion 1 Rule (um Deletion 2 is now part of the Delete m Rule)

Tests:

t weakening Rule

Tests:

Double t deletion Rule

Tests:

Insertion rules

Compound rule

Tests:

• grammatikk##kontroll
• grammatik000kontroll

Clitics

Clitic after s-final Rule for changing the so-called genitive -s to ‘ for s-final stems: huss -> hus’

Nynorsk dictionary rules

Change -er stem to -ar in Nynorsk

This rule is for dictionary use only. The idea is to be able to click on words in a Nynorsk text and get translation to North Sámi. Therefore, the Bokmål analyser is able to give an analysis to Nynorsk words as well. The Nynorsk-only forms are removed from all other transducers than the -dict transducer.

• a
• b

Test to have an error

• ★a (is not standard language)
• ★b (is not standard language)

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This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc