Morphology

INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSER OF THE Moksha LANGUAGE.

The morphological analyses of wordforms of the Moksha language are presented in this system in terms of following symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags). +TYÄ Underdeveloped.

The parts-of-speech tags are:

• +A: adjective
• +Adv: adverb
• +CS: subordinating conjunction
• +CC: coordinating conjunction
• +Det: Determiner
• +Interj: interjection
• +N: noun
• +Pcle: particle
• +Po: postposition
• +Pron: pronoun
• +Qnt: Quantifier

• +V: verb

• +Descr: descriptive

The parts of speech are further split up into: Nouns:

• +Prop: proper
• +CollN: used with paired nouns collective nouns
• +Relat: relator nouns, mainly meronyms Pronouns:
• +Dem: demonstrative
• +Indef: indefinite
• +Dep: dependent word requiring the presence of another, e.g. мень
• +Exclusive: ськамонза
• +Intensive: intensive pronoun
• +Interr: interrogative
• +PerifMod: periferal modifier ськамонза, кавонест
• +Pers: personal
• +Recipr: reciprocal
• +Recip: reciprocal
• +Refl: reflexive
• +Rel: relative personal pronouns use additional tags:

   +Sg1 +Sg2 +Sg3 +Pl1 +Pl2 +Pl3 
  

  Adverbs:

• ** +Adv-Ideoph : These are ideophonic descriptors used to modify the verb: вырк ливтясь “flit** and it flew off”
• ; +Deg : This is degree, depricate + AdA
• ** +Manner **: with reference to type of adverb
• ** +Spat **: spatial
• ** +Temp **: temporal
• ** +Emphatic **: used with negation particles афи,
• +EvidNfh: кле

Interjections:

• ** +Formulaic **: greetings, The Usage extents are marked using following tags:
• ** +Err/Orth **: substandard / outside the written norm
• +Err/Orth-lowered-final-e-2-ja final е lowered to я with Е2Я trigger
• +Err/Orth-soft-loss $тиендсазь €тиендьсазь
• +Err/Orth-soft-kept шяярьня
• +Err/Orth-colloq Евсеич
• +Err/Orth-old1 * old1 like озимь, морковь 1930–1940
• +Err/Orth-pre1978 * orthography preceding 1978

• +Err/Orth-pre2012 * previous orthography

• +Use/Marg * Marginal
• +Use/-Spell * Exclude from speller
• +Use/SpellNoSugg * recognized but not suggested in speller
• +Use/Circ * Circular path
• +Use/CircN * Circular number path
• +Use/-Ped * Remove from pedagogical speller

• +Use/NG * Do not generate, for isme-ped.fst and apertium

• +Err/Dial * The form is non-standard although it may well be central dialect, e.g. стякшемс

• +Err/Lex * The lemma is not a Moksha word

• +URL * For tagging URLs

Dialect tags

• +Dial * No specification Specific to some dialects
• +Dial/-C * Not central standard

The nominals are inflected in the following Case and Number

• ** +Sg **: singular
• ** +Pl **: plural
• ** +SP **: both singular and plural
• ** +Abe **: abessive
• ** +Abl **: ablative
• ** +Acc **: accusative Not really necessary
• ** +Cau **: causatative
• ** +Com **: comitative -нек
• ** +Cmpr **: comparative -шка
• ** +Dat **: dative
• ** +Ela **: elative
• ** +Gen **: genitive
• ** +Ill **: illative
• ** +Ine **: inessive
• ** +Lat **: lative
• ** +Loc **: locative
• ** +Nom **: nominative
• ** +Prl **: prolative
• ** +Tra **: translative
• ** +Voc **: Vocative

The possession is marked as such:

• ** +PxSg1 **: first person singular
• ** +PxSg2 **: second person singular
• ** +PxSg3 **: third person singular
• ** +PxPl1 **: first person plural
• ** +PxPl2 **: second person plural

• ** +PxPl3 **: third person plural

• ** +Def **: Definite The comparative forms are:
• ** +Comp **: comparative as opposed to superlative
• ** +Superl **: superlative

Particles

• **+Epist **: epistemic Quantifiers and Numerals are classified under:
• ** +Num **: numeral
• ** +Arab **: arabic numeral
• **+Appr **: Approximative numeral кафта-колма, колмошка “two or three”
• ** +AssocColl **: -ne- ; avide-; -месть
• ** +Coll **: Collective
• ** +Card **: cardinal
• ** +Distr **: Distributive
• +Iter Iterative This will be replaced by +Mult
• +Mult Multiplicative form expressing number of times; myv: кавксть, kpv: кыкысь
• ** +Ord **: ordinal
• ** +Cmpos **: compositional numeral 14, 24, 34, 44 нилие,
• ** +Attr **: attribute, premodifier

Verb voice:

• ** +Act **: active
• ** +Pss **: passive Verb moods are:
• ** +Cond **: conditional ндяря- protasis
• ** +NegCnd **: negative conditional Офтяря- negative protasis
• ** +NegCndSub **: negative conditional Офтяряль negative protasis
• ** +Conj **: conjunctional “Оль”
• ** +Des **: desiderative ксоль “was about to; wanted to”
• ** +Ind **: indicative
• ** +Imprt **: imperative
• ** +Opt **: optative
• ** +Prec **: Precative mood is a directive mood that signals that the utterance is a request. imperative + additional vowel and cons -ака forms equal Precative

Verb tenses are +Prs present and future ! nominal conjugation as well +Prt1 preterite I ! only finite verbal +Prt2 preterite II ! nominal conjugation as well

Verb personal forms are:

+ScSg1 subject conjugation first person singular +ScSg2 subject conjugation second person singular +ScSg3 subject conjugation third person singular +ScPl1 subject conjugation first person plural +ScPl2 subject conjugation second person plural +ScPl3 subject conjugation third person plural

+OcSg1 objject conjugation first person singular +OcSg2 objject conjugation second person singular +OcSg3 objject conjugation third person singular +OcPl1 objject conjugation first person plural +OcPl2 objject conjugation second person plural +OcPl3 objject conjugation third person plural

Other verb forms are +ConNeg connegative, main verb complement to Neg, vowel-stem +ConNegII connegative, main verb complement to Neg, cons-stem +Ger gerund This is used with Der/Озь and VAbl +Inf infinitive +Neg verb of negation эзь, аволь, иля +Aux auxiliary verb +Prc participle +VGen Verb Genitive, genitive form participle +VAbl Verb Ablative “озадо”

+ABBR Abbreviation

• +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, © +ACR Acronym

Special symbols are classified with:

The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity: +TV transitive verb +IV intransitive verb Special multiword units are analysed with: Non-dictionary words can be recognised with:

• +Dig1
• +Dig2
• +Dig3
• +Dig4
• +Rom Roman numerals

Compounding

• +Cmp Dynamic compound - this tag should always be part of a dynamic compound. It is important for Apertium, and useful in other cases as well.
• +Cmp/Hyph with nouns
• +Cmp/Hyph-Coll with nouns
• +Cmp/Hyph-Redup with verbs
• +Cmp/Hyph-Synonym with verbs
• +Cmp/Hyph-Serial with verbs
• +Cmp/Hyph-tejems with verbs

Question and Focus particles:

• +Clt/Cop This marks all instances of enclitic copula inflection
• +Clt/Aram Used with preceding dative тейне-арам ‘in my opinion’
• +Clt/Add
• +Clt/AddGA
• +Clt/AddVok
• +Clt/AddNgA

Tags distinguishing different versions of the same lemma (before POS)

• +v1
• +v2
• +v3
• +v4
• +v5
• +v6
• +v7
• +v8
• +v9
• +v10
• +v11
• +v12
• +v13
• +v14
• +v15
• +v16
• +v17
• +v18
• +v19
• +v20
• +v21
• +v22
• +v23

• +v24

• +Sem/Act Activity
• +Sem/Amount Amount
• +Sem/Ani Animate
• +Sem/Aniprod Animal Product
• +Sem/Body Bodypart
• +Sem/Body-abstr siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
• +Sem/Build Building
• +Sem/Build-part Part of Bulding, like the closet
• +Sem/Cat Category
• +Sem/Clth Clothes
• +Sem/Clth-jewl Jewelery
• +Sem/Clth-part part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji…
• +Sem/Ctain Container
• +Sem/Ctain-abstr Abstract container like bank account
• +Sem/Ctain-clth
• +Sem/Curr Currency like dollár, Not Money
• +Sem/Dance Dance
• +Sem/Dir Direction like GPS-kursa
• +Sem/Domain Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
• +Sem/Drink Drink
• +Sem/Dummytag Dummytag
• +Sem/Edu Educational event
• +Sem/Event Event
• +Sem/Feat Feature, like Árvu
• +Sem/Feat-phys Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
• +Sem/Feat-psych Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Feat-measr Psychological feauture
• +Sem/Fem Female name
• +Sem/Fem-Patr Female name
• +Sem/Fem-Sur Female name
• +Sem/Food Food
• +Sem/Food-med Medicine
• +Sem/Furn Furniture
• +Sem/Game Game
• +Sem/Geom Geometrical object
• +Sem/Group Animal or Human Group
• +Sem/Hum Human
• +Sem/Hum-abstr Human abstract
• +Sem/Ideol Ideology
• +Sem/Lang Language
• +Sem/Mal Male name
• +Sem/Mal-Patr Male name
• +Sem/Mal-Sur Male name
• +Sem/Mat Material for producing things
• +Sem/Measr Measure
• +Sem/Money Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
• +Sem/Obj Object
• +Sem/Obj-clo Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-cogn Cloth
• +Sem/Obj-el (Electrical) machine or apparatus
• +Sem/Obj-ling Object with something written on it
• +Sem/Obj-rope flexible ropelike object
• +Sem/Obj-surfc Surface object
• +Sem/Org Organisation
• +Sem/Part Feature, oassi, bealli
• +Sem/Perc-cogn Cognative perception
• +Sem/Perc-emo Emotional perception
• +Sem/Perc-phys Physical perception
• +Sem/Perc-psych Physical perception
• +Sem/Plant Plant
• +Sem/Plant-part Plant part
• +Sem/Plc Place
• +Sem/Plc-abstr Abstract place
• +Sem/Plc-elevate Place
• +Sem/Plc-line Place
• +Sem/Plc-water Place
• +Sem/Pos Position (as in social position job)
• +Sem/Process Process
• +Sem/Prod Product
• +Sem/Prod-audio Audio product
• +Sem/Prod-cogn Cognition product
• +Sem/Prod-ling Linguistic product
• +Sem/Prod-vis Visual product
• +Sem/Rel Relation
• +Sem/Route Name of a Route
• +Sem/Rule Rule or convention
• +Sem/Semcon Semantic concept
• +Sem/Sign Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
• +Sem/Sport Sport
• +Sem/State
• +Sem/State-sick Illness
• +Sem/Substnc Substance, like Air and Water
• +Sem/Sur Surname
• +Sem/Symbol Symbol
• +Sem/Time Time
• +Sem/Tool Prototypical tool for repairing things
• +Sem/Tool-catch Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
• +Sem/Tool-clean Tool used for cleaning
• +Sem/Tool-it Tool used in IT
• +Sem/Tool-measr Tool used for measuring
• +Sem/Tool-music Music instrument
• +Sem/Tool-write Writing tool
• +Sem/Txt Text (girji, lávlla…)
• +Sem/Veh Vehicle
• +Sem/Wpn Weapon
• +Sem/Wthr The Weather or the state of ground

Semantics are classified with

• +Sem/Kin Kin term

Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.

Der begin

• +Der In front of every derivation to make it possible to target derivations as a class e.g. in regular expressions etc
• +Der/Poss possessive noun ава » аванне
• +Der/Ord
• +Der/Iter весть, кафксть, колмоксть…
• +Der/Wife Added to male names, surnames, patronymics

DECLARING DEVERBAL DERIVATIONS OF VERBS

• +Der/kshnO verb2verb derivation
• +Der/OkshnOms verb2verb derivation
• +Der/OvOms verb2verb derivation
• +Der/Ozevems verb2verb derivation
• +Der/OvkshnOms verb2verb derivation
• +Der/OvtOms verb2verb derivation

+Der/Dimin diminutive markers in ня and кя seem to be subject of complementary distribution

• +Der/NJ Онь
• +Der/Bachk * бачк

Tags for originating language

The following tags are used to guide conversion to IPA: loan words and foreign names are usually pronounced (approximately) as in the originating (majority) language. Instead of trying to identify the correct pronunciation based on phonotactics (orthotactics actually), we tag all words that can’t be correctly transcribed using the SME transcriber with source language codes. Once tagged, it is possible to split the lexical transducer in smaller ones according to langu- age, and apply different IPA conversion to each of them. The principle of tagging is that we only tag to the extent needed, and following a priority:

1. any untagged word is pronounced with SME orthographic conventions
2. NNO and NOB have identical pronunciation, NNO is only used if different in spelling from NOB
3. SWE has mostly the same pronunciation as NOB, and is only used if different in spelling from NOB
4. Occasionally even SME (the default) may be tagged, to block other languages from being specified, mainly during semi-automatic language tagging sessions All in all, we want to get as much correctly transcribed to IPA with as little work as possible. On the other hand, if more words are tagged than strictly needed, this should pose no problem as long as the IPA conversion is correct - at least some words will get the same pronunciation whether read as SME or NOB/NNO/SWE.

• +OLang/CHV = Chuvash
• +OLang/MDF = Moksha
• +OLang/MYV = Erzya
• +OLang/RUS = Russian
• +OLang/TAT = Tatar

Morphophonology To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files: %{ИЫЙ%} phasing out Ы2, eg кундамс:кундай %{ЕОØ%} morphemes requiring a preceding vowel; also пинге %{ЕО%} сельме %{ЕØ%} кече %{АЯ%} А2 in кундамс:кундан %{ВИУ%} lative %{Х%} This usually precedes the plural marker %{КТ%} used in imperative and connegative %{ЬØ%} after imperative Sg2 %{DIM%} This will be for diminutive initial consonant

2016-03-12 %^А2О used with final а in пула

А2 А2:а А2:я %{вгк%} %{вгк%}:г %{вгк%}:в %{вгк%}:к %{гк%} clitic in %{гк%} %{АЕ%} К1 К1:к К1:т %{АЕØ%} ConNeg with ашень, тят, афоль %{АО%} пула stem %{АОØ%} офта stem %{АЕ%} prolative Х1 Х1:х Х1:0 Ь2 Ь2:ь Ь2:0 %{ъØ%} This will represent schwa in first syllable

in ped realized as hard sign

And following triggers to control variation

• %^RmVow for removing vowels %^Ь2ZERO removes soft sign before vowel or other combination %^ЬKEEP retains soft sign, breaks pattern for removal шяярьня %^Ъ2PED brings out hard sign, which is otherwise automatically removed %^Е2О Change stem-final vowel сембе:сембось %^Е2А Change stem-final vowel мельге:мельганза %^Я2А Change stem-final vowel рьвя:рьванц %^А2Е Change stem-final vowel мокша:мокшесь %^Е2Я Change word-final vowel for dialect тувотне > тувотня %^Devoice for devoicing изь:исть %^PXSG1 кядне, ярмаконе не vs %{ЕОØ%}не %^CnsSt улемс:уль%^CnsSt%>%{АЕØ%}

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again: | @P.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @D.NeedNoun.ON@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised | @C.NeedNoun@ | (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm. | @P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ | Require that words tagged as such only appear first | @D.CmpPref.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering ENDLEX | @P.CmpPref.FALSE@ | Block these words from making further compounds | @D.CmpLast.TRUE@ | Block such words from entering R | @D.CmpNone.TRUE@ | Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding | @U.CmpNone.FALSE@ | Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding | @P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ | Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R | @D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ | Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

• +Use/TTS – only retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser
• +Use/-TTS – never retained in the HFST Text-To-Speech disambiguation tokeniser

@D.CONJ-MX.IND@ 2012-11-04 should this be D or N

FLAGS USED WITH MODIFIERS WITHOUT NOUNS

FLAGS USED WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS

number

• @U.DECL-NX.SG@
• @U.DECL-NX.SP@
• @U.DECL-NX.PL@
• @R.DECL-NX.SG@
• @R.DECL-NX.SP@

• @R.DECL-NX.PL@

• @U.CX.ABE@
• @U.CX.ABL@
• @U.CX.CAU@
• @U.CX.CMP@
• @U.CX.COM@
• @U.CX.DAT@
• @U.CX.ELA@
• @U.CX.GEN@
• @U.CX.ILL@
• @U.CX.INE@
• @U.CX.LAT@
• @U.CX.LOC@
• @U.CX.NOM@
• @U.CX.PRL@
• @U.CX.TRA@
• @U.CX.PRL@

• @U.CX.TEMP@

• @U.DECL-DX.DEF@
• @U.DECL-DX.INDEF@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXSG1@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXSG2@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXSG3@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXPL1@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXPL2@
• @U.DECL-DX.PXPL3@

The word forms in Moksha language start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes, or optionally from prefixes: These have been slightly modified from kpv and myv

---

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc