Estonian (Tartu Ülikool) language model documentation

All doc-comment documentation in one large file.

src-cg3-functions.cg3.md

Sets for POS sub-categories
Sets for Semantic tags
Sets for Morphosyntactic properties
Sets for verbs
V is all readings with a V tag in them, REAL-V should be the ones without an N tag following the V.
The REAL-V set thus awaits a fix to the preprocess V … N bug.
The set COPULAS is for predicative constructions
NP sets defined according to their morphosyntactic features
The PRE-NP-HEAD family of sets

These sets model noun phrases (NPs). The idea is to first define whatever can occur in front of the head of the NP, and thereafter negate that with the expression WORD - premodifiers.

The set NOT-NPMOD is used to find barriers between NPs. Typical usage: … (*1 N BARRIER NPT-NPMOD) … meaning: Scan to the first noun, ignoring anything that can be part of the noun phrase of that noun (i.e., “scan to the next NP head”)

Miscellaneous sets
Border sets and their complements
Syntactic sets

These were the set types.

HABITIVE MAPPING

hab1
hab2
hab3 ( @ADVL>) for hab-actor and hab-case; if leat to the right, and Nom to the right of leat. Lots of restrictions.
habNomLeft
hab4
hab6
hab7
hab8 This is not HAB
hab5 This is not HAB
habDain ( @ADVL>) for (Pron Dem Pl Loc) if leat followed by Nom to the right
habGen ( @<ADVL) hab for Gen; if Gen is located in the end of the sentence and Nom is sentence initial
spred<obj (@SPRED<OBJ) for Acc; the object of an SPRPED. Not to be mistaken with OPRED. If SPRED is to the left, and copulas is to the left of it. Nom or Hab are found sentence initially.
Hab<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas, goallut or jápmit is FMAINV and habitive or human Loc is found to the left. OR: if Ill or @Pron< followed by HAB are found to the left.
Hab>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween HAB and .
Nom>Advlcase<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; it allows adverbials with Ill/Loc/Com/Ess to be found inbetween Nom and @<SUBJ.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and some kind of adverb, N Loc, time related word or Po to the left of it. OR: if Ill or @Pron< to the left, followed by copulas and the before mentioned to the left of copulas.
<spred ( @<SUBJ) for Nom, but not for Pers. To the left boahtit or heaŋgát as MAINV, and futher to the left is some kind of place related word, or time related word
<spredQst1 ( @<SUBJ) for Nom in a typically question sentence; if A) Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. B) same as a, only the Qst-pcle is attached to copulas. C) Qst to the left, with copulas to its left, but not if two Nom:s are found somewhere to the right. D) copulas to the left, and BOS to the left. E) Loc or Ill to the left, and Loc or Hab to the left of this, Qst and copulas to the left. F) Num @>N to the left, Hab, some kind of place word, Po or Nom to the left, and Qst followed by copulas to the left. NOTE) for all these rules; human, Loc or Sem/Plc not allowed to the right.
<spredQst2 (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence; differs from <spredQst1 by not beeing as restricted to the right. Though you are not allowed to be Pers or human.
Nom<spredQst (@<SPRED) for Nom; in a typically question sentence. Differs from <spredQst2 by letting Nom be found between SPRED and copulas
<spred (@<SPRED) for A Nom or N Nom if; the subject Nom is on the same side of copulas as you: on the right side of copulas
<spredVeara (@<SPRED) for veara + Nom; if genitive immediately to the right, and intransitive mainverb to the right of genitive
leftCop<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas is the main verb to the left, and there is no Ess found to the left of cop (note that Loc is allowed between target and cop). OR: if you are Coll or Sem/Group with copulas to your left.
<spredLocEXPERIMENT (@<SPRED) for material Loc; if you are to the right of copulas, and the Nom to the left of copulas is not a hab-actor
NumTime (@<SPRED) for A Nom
<spredSg (@<SPRED) for Sg Nom
<spredPg (@<SPRED) for Pl Nom
<spred (@<SPRED) for Nom; if copulas to the left, and Nom or sentence boundary to the left of copulas. First one to the right is EOS.
<spred (@<SPRED) for N Ess
spredEss> (@SPRED>) for N Ess; if copulas to the right of you, and if an NP with nom-case first one to your left.
HABSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for Nom; if habitive first one to the left, followed by copulas.
GalleSpred> (@SPRED>) for Num Nom; if sentence initial
spredSgMII> (@SPRED>)
r492> (@SPRED>) for Interr Gen; consisting only of negations. You are not allowed to be MII. You are not allowed to have an adjective or noun to yor right. You are not allowed to have a verb to your right; the exception beeing an aux.
AdjSpredSg> (@SPRED>) for A Sg Nom; if copulas to the right, but not if A or @<SPRED are found to the right of copulas
SpredSg>Hab (@SPRED>) for Nom; if you are sentence initial, copulas is located to the right, and there is a habitive to the right of copulas
Spred>SubjInf (@SPRED>) for Nom; if copulas to the right, and the subject of copulas is an Inf to the right
spredCoord (@<SPRED) coordination for Nom; only if there already is a SPRED to the left of CNP. Not if there is some kind of comparison involved.
subj>Sgnr1 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg, including Indef Nom if; VFIN + Sg3 or Pl3 to the right (VFIN not allowed to the left)
subj>Du (@SUBJ>) for dual nominatives, including Coll Nom. VFIN + Du3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives, including Coll and Sem/Group. VFIN + Pl3 to the right.
subj>Pl (@SUBJ>) for plural nominatives
subj>Sgnr2 (@SUBJ>) for Nom Sg; if VFIN + Sg3 to the right.
<subjSg (@<SUBJ) for Nom Sg; if VFIN Sg3 or Du2 to the left (no HAB allowed to the left).
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
f<advl (@-F<ADVL) for infinite adverbials
s-boundary=advl> (@ADVL>) for ADVL that resemble s-booundaries. Mainverb to the right.
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
-fobj> (@-FOBJ>) for Acc
advl>mainV (@ADVL>) if; finite mainverb not found to the left, but the finite mainverb is found to the right.
<advl (@<ADVL) if; finite mainverb found to the left. Not if a comma is found immediately to the left and a finite mainverb is located somewhere to the right of this comma.
<advlPoPr (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the left.
advlPoPr> (@<ADVL) if mainverb to the right.
advlEss> (@<ADVL) for weather and time Ess, if FMAINV to the left.
advl>inbetween (@ADVL>) for Adv; if inbetween two sentenceboundaries where no mainverb is present.
comma<advlEOS (@<ADVL) if; comma found to the left and the finite mainverb to the left of comma. To the right is the end of the sentence.
advlBOS> (@ADVL>) if; you are N Ill and found sentnece initially. First one to your right is a clause.
<advlPoEOS (@<ADVL) for Po; if you are found at the very end of a sentence. A mainverb is needed to the right though.
cleanupILL<advl (@<ADVL) for N Ill if; there are no boundarysymbols to your left, if you arent already @N< OR @APP-N<, and no mainverb is to yor left.
<opredAAcc (@<OPRED) for A Acc; if an other accusative to the left, and a transtive verb to the left of it. OR: if a transitive verb to the left, and an accusative to the left of it.

sma object

<advlEss (@<ADVL) for ESS-ADVL if; FMAINV to the left
<spredEss (@<SPRED) for N Ess if; FMAINV to the left is intransitive or bargat

SUBJ MAPPING - leftovers

OBJ MAPPING - leftovers

HNOUN MAPPING

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/cg3/functions.cg3

src-fst-morphology-affixes-exceptional_declinations.lexc.md

inflectional types and analogue rules for nouns, adjectives and other declinables VVS stands for Ü. Viks “Väike vormisõnastik” for reference purposes

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/exceptional_declinations.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-gi.lexc.md

stressing affix gi/ki can be appended to almost any word form

liide gi/ki this ensures that downcasing derivation (helveetslane) works

hfstol: examples:*
siilgi: siil+N+Sg+Nom+Foc/gi
kottki: kott+N+Sg+Nom+Foc/gi

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/gi.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-regular_declinations.lexc.md

flag diacritics can be used for remembering the case

flag diacritics are used for remembering the case for compounding; not all the cases must be distinguished

**LEXICON DOT ** - number ending with a dot may be ordinal, or ordinal/cardinal followed by a full stop

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/regular_declinations.lexc

src-fst-morphology-affixes-verbs.lexc.md

Verb inflection

LEXICON SAAMA is a lexicon for saama-type words. ! VVS 37 saama, jääma

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/affixes/verbs.lexc

src-fst-morphology-phonology.twolc.md

Phonology

Placeholders

Sami GT convention

Triggers

%{W%}:0 Weak grade trigger
%{F%}:0 Foreign word flag to prevent application of weak grade trigger, so that a rule does not trigger Fiadi as the weak grade form of Fiat.
%{S%}:0 Strong stem trigger (for short illatives only), necessary for words with no stem gradation, having only short illative in a strong grade, e.g. Riia - Riiga, Rannu - Randu. (But currently used also for words with stem gradation, e.g. tuba - tuppa) Schwa trigger (for -el/er words only) never appears on the surface side.
%{id%}:0 Trigger / lexicon flag for pl part possible ending (esseesid/esseid)
%{stemill%}:0 Trigger / lexicon flag for short sg ill, formed by stem change (jõgi-jõkke)
%{dbl%}:0 Trigger to double the previous letter. Sometimes a phonologically long long kk pp tt
at the end of a Sg Nom word is written k p t, so it must be doubled (kabinet - kabinetti). Also, tulema, panema, surema, olema, minema have tulla, tulles etc…
%{no.apo%}:0 trigger for deleting apostrophe (normally used for foreign word inflections) from Sg Nom

Usage tag. It may relate to an individual word in the lexicon, or to a set of inflectional forms of some inflectional type, i.e. its sub-paradigm. It never surfaces. It is used to pair the surface form with the usage tag of the lexical representation.

%{rare%}:0 rare or less used form (norm) ; e.g. kingasid

Special surface side symbols, used in rule contexts

%> Inflectional suffix boundary
» Derivational suffix boundary
# Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds Final hyphen for shortened stems:
```
%-
```
Apostrophe

Apostrophe is used for separating inflectional affix from a foreign word lemma

%{apo%}:0 … but Sg Nom is without apostrophe

Morphophonemes

If the sound change is unproductive and difficult to relate to its immediate context, we use capital letters with numbers to denote them. In stems, they typically result from diachronic processes. In affixes, they are typically related to the declination or conjugation and the form of the stem they attach to.

Short stops

G1:g In strong grade
G1:0 In weak grade
G1:k In short illative (lagi lae lakke)
B1:b In strong grade
B1:0 In weak grade
B1:m In weak grade after m
B1:p In short illative (tuba toa tuppa)
D1:d In strong grade
D1:0 In weak grade
D1:l In weak grade after l
D1:n In weak grade after n
D1:r In weak grade after r
D1:t In short illative (ladu lao lattu)

Orthographic convention: after voiceless (e.g. s or h, or k p t), gbd is written as kpt e.g. õhk-õhu, vask-vase K1 also in: uks, jooksma P1 also in: laps T1 also in: jätma, katma, kütma, matma, võtma, mõtlema, ütlema

K1:k In strong grade
K1:0 In weak grade
P1:p In strong grade ?? EKK: never happens ??
P1:0 In weak grade ?? EKK: never happens ??
T1:t In strong grade
T1:0 In weak grade
B2:b In strong grade, e.g. tiib
B2:v In weak grade, e.g. tiiva
B2:p In short illative (tõbi tõppe)
K2:k In strong grade
K2:g In weak grade
P2:p In strong grade
P2:b In weak grade
T2:t In strong grade
T2:d In weak grade

Short stops in stem illatives for words that do not have grade alternation. They surface (or appear as extra long) in strong grade, expressed by stem illative only.

G3:0
G3:g Riia Riiga
D3:0
D3:d Rannu Randu
G4:g
G4:k Türgi Türki
D4:d
D4:t Leedu Leetu
B4:b
B4:p Abja Apja
S1:s In strong grade, S1 is s
S1:0 In weak grade, S1 is 0; before stop, S1 is 0

Unstressed syllable vowels disappear…

A2:a valvas
A2:0 valv sa
E2:e laulev
E2:0 laul va
I2:i õilis
I2:0 õil sa
U2:u hirmus
U2:0 hirm sa

A stem vowel in inflectional forms of ne/s words, to make them formally similar in inflection

E1:e soolase, raudset
E1:0 soolas t

Ad hoc stem vowels for ne/s words

I1:i an ugly trigger for ne/s words katkine - katkisil
A1:a an ugly trigger for ne/s words pingne - pingsa
A1:0 pingne - pingsus

Few words…

j surfacing and changing

E4:e aeg, soe
E4:j aja, sooja
J1:i ahi, rohi
J1:j ahju
J1:0 rohu

4 words have h-illative: sohu, suhu, öhe, pähe

H3:h sohu, …
H3:0 soo, suu, …
Y3:u sohu, suhu
Y3:e öhe, pähe
Y3:0 öö, pea

only hea and pea

A6:a pea - pähe, päid
A6:ä
E6:e pea - pähe, päid
E6:0

6 words have õ in indicative past

Ö6:ü söö+a - süüa
Ö6:ö
Ö6:õ söö+i - sõi
Ö6:0
O6:u too+a - tuua
O6:o
O6:õ too+i - tõi
O6:0

A handful of words…

M1:m lumi
M1:n lun d
N1:n lään e, kolman da
N1:0 lää s, kolma s
K3:k vennakse
K3:0 venna s

Verb affix lexicons are simpler if we introduce these:

Stem vowels for verbs of some inflectional types

A7:a naerab
A7:0 naer ma
E7:e jookseb
E7:0 jooks ma

Verb affixes have k-g and t-d-0 alternations:

Imperative mood affixes gu/ku, ge/kem etc

G7:g
G7:k
G7:0

Infinitive affixes ta/da/a, and gerund affixes tes/des/es

D7:d
D7:t
D7:0

Impersonal voice affixes tud/tud, takse/dakse etc

T7:d
T7:t

To form past indicative forms and make them pronouncable

I7:i naeris
I7:0 naer sin
S7:s naersin
S7:0 seisin

Sometimes the choice of an allomorph or allophone is related to the frequency of the word.

For plural partitive, the form is generated either with sg vowel + sid or plural vowel + 0 So we must allow stem vowels for singular and plural to appear and disappear in certain conditions.

Singular stem vowel tag in lexicon

%{sg.a%}:a tüng - tünga
%{sg.a%}:0
%{sg.e%}:e neem - neeme
%{sg.e%}:0
%{sg.i%}:i taud - taudi, default sg stem vowel for most types
%{sg.i%}:0
%{sg.u%}:u koon - koonu
%{sg.u%}:0

Plural stem vowel tag in lexicon

%{pl.i%}:i king - kingi
%{pl.i%}:0 king - kingasid
%{pl.e%}:e tõug - tõuge, taud - taude, default pl stem vowel for most types
%{pl.e%}:0 tõug - tõugusid
%{pl.u%}:u laud - laudu
%{pl.u%}:0 laud - laudasid

Inflectional affixes having the same grammatical meaning: Pl Par endings sid/0, id/sid, Sg Ill endings sse/0. Their choice depends on triggers in the lexicon, have to be defined un-naturally letter by letter,

%{s%}:s s of sid: pl par ending siilisid
%{s%}:0 : pl par ending siile;
%{i%}:i i of sid: pl par ending siilisid
%{i%}:0 : pl par ending siile
%{d%}:d d of sid: pl par ending siilisid
%{d%}:0 : pl par ending siile
%{ss%}:s s of -sse jõesse;
%{ss%}:0 jõkke;
%{e%}:e e of -sse jõesse;
%{e%}:0 jõkke;

If the sound change is productive and/or very regularly determined by context (e.g. by morpheme border), we do not use special symbols to denote the changing phonemes

ne, s ending words have similar paradigms; only sg nom is different

n:n soolane and other ne-words Sg Nom
n:s soolas+e, soolas+t etc
e:e soolane
e:0 soolas0+e

-le/-el stem alternations also use e:0, in addition to 0:e (sip0lema-sipel0da)

high vowel lowering in certain contexts

i:e
i:i
u:o
u:u
ü:ö
ü:ü
kraapi%{W%}>n
kraabi0>n
★kraapi%{W%}>n (is not standard language)
★kraapi0>n (is not standard language)
viskoosneE1>t
viskooss0e>t
★viskoosneE1>t (is not standard language)
★viskooss00>t (is not standard language)

1.1. plural partitive: -sid vs stem vowel change

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/phonology.twolc

src-fst-morphology-root.lexc.md

Morphology

Multicharacter symbols

Sõnaliik / Part of speech

+N : nimisõna / substantive
+A : omadussõna / adjective
+Num : arvsõna / numeral
+Pron : asesõna / pronoun
+V : tegusõna / verb
+Adv : määrsõna / adverb
+Interj : hüüdsõna / interjection
+CC : rinnastav sidesõna / co-ordinating conjunction
+CS : alistav sidesõna / subordinating conjunction
+Adp : kaassõna / adposition, i.e. pre/postposition
+Pref : prefiks / prefix

Genitiivatribuut pole eraldi kategooria / No special tag for genitive attribute : angoora+N+Sg+Gen

Alamkategooriad / Sub-pos categories

+Prop : pärisnimi / proper name
+Card : põhiarvsõna / cardinal numeral
+Ord : järgarvsõna / ordinal numeral

Võrdlusastmed / Comparation

+Comp : komparatiiv / comparative
+Superl : superlatiiv / superlative
hfstol: examples:*
asi: asi+N+Sg+Nom (Eng. # thing)
Jaan: Jaan+N+Prop+Sg+Nom
asjalik: asjalik+A+Sg+Nom (Eng. # serious)
parem: parem+A+Comp+Sg+Nom (Eng. # better)
parim: parim+A+Superl+Sg+Nom (Eng. # best)
kaks: kaks+Num+Card+Sg+Nom (Eng. # two)
teine: teine+Num+Ord+Sg+Nom (Eng. # second)
see: see+Pron+Sg+Nom (Eng. # that)
asjastama: asjastama+V+Pers+Sup+Ill (Eng. # objectify)
asjatult: asjatult+Adv (Eng. # in vain)
hei: hei+Interj (Eng. # hi)
ja: ja+CC (Eng. # and)
et: et+CS (Eng. # that)
kaudu: kaudu+Adp (Eng. # via)
eba-: eba+Pref (Eng. # un-, non-)

Sõnamuutus / Inflection

Käändsõna / Noun

Arv / number

+Sg : ainsus / singular
+Pl : mitmus / plural

Kääne / Case

+Nom : nimetav / nominative
part: part+N+Sg+Nom
maja: maja+N+Sg+Nom
pardid: part+N+Pl+Nom
majad: maja+N+Pl+Nom
+Gen : omastav / genitive
pardi: part+N+Sg+Gen
maja: maja+N+Sg+Gen
partide: part+N+Pl+Gen
majade: maja+N+Pl+Gen
+Par : osastav / partitive
parti: part+N+Sg+Par
maja: maja+N+Sg+Par
parte: part+N+Pl+Par
partisid: part+N+Pl+Par+Usage/Rare
maju: maja+N+Pl+Par
majasid: maja+N+Pl+Par+Usage/Rare
+Ill : sisseütlev / illative
parti: part+N+Sg+Ill
majja: maja+N+Sg+Ill
pardisse: part+N+Sg+Ill+Usage/Hyp
majasse: maja+N+Sg+Ill+Usage/Rare
partidesse: part+N+Pl+Ill
majadesse: maja+N+Pl+Ill Lühike sisseütlev e suunduv pole eraldi kääne (parti, majja) / Short illative or additive is not a separate case
+Ine : seesütlev / inessive
pardis: part+N+Sg+Ine
majas: maja+N+Sg+Ine
partides: part+N+Pl+Ine
majades: maja+N+Pl+Ine
+Ela : seestütlev / elative
pardist: part+N+Sg+Ela
majast: maja+N+Sg+Ela
partidest: part+N+Pl+Ela
majadest: maja+N+Pl+Ela
+All : alaleütlev / allative
pardile: part+N+Sg+All
majale: maja+N+Sg+All
partidele: part+N+Pl+All
majadele: maja+N+Pl+All
+Ade : alalütlev / adessive
pardil: part+N+Sg+Ade
majal: maja+N+Sg+Ade
partidel: part+N+Pl+Ade
majadel: maja+N+Pl+Ade
+Abl : alaltütlev / ablative
pardilt: part+N+Sg+Abl
majalt: maja+N+Sg+Abl
partidelt: part+N+Pl+Abl
majadelt: maja+N+Pl+Abl
+Tra : saav / translative
pardiks: part+N+Sg+Tra
majaks: maja+N+Sg+Tra
partideks: part+N+Pl+Tra
majadeks: maja+N+Pl+Tra
+Trm : rajav / terminative
pardini: part+N+Sg+Trm
majani: maja+N+Sg+Trm
partideni: part+N+Pl+Trm
majadeni: maja+N+Pl+Trm
+Ess : olev / essive
pardina: part+N+Sg+Ess
majana: maja+N+Sg+Ess
partidena: part+N+Pl+Ess
majadena: maja+N+Pl+Ess
+Abe : ilmaütlev / abessive
pardita: part+N+Sg+Abe
majata: maja+N+Sg+Abe
partideta: part+N+Pl+Abe
majadeta: maja+N+Pl+Abe
+Com : kaasaütlev / comitative
pardiga: part+N+Sg+Com
majaga: maja+N+Sg+Com
partidega: part+N+Pl+Com
majadega: maja+N+Pl+Com

Verb

Verbil on finiitsed (pöördelised) ja infiniitsed (nn käänduvad) vormid. Pöördelistel vormidel on kategooriad: tegumood, aeg, kõneviis, isik, arv, kõneliik (tegumood ja aeg on ka mõnedel infiniitsetel vormidel).

Verbs have finite (conjugable) and infinite (“declinable”) forms. The finite forms have categories: voice, tense, mood, person, number, negation (some infinite forms also have voice and tense).

Pöördelised vormid / Conjugable forms

Tegumood / Voice

+Impers : umbisikuline / impersonal
+Pers : isikuline / personal

Aeg / Tense

+Prs : olevik / present
+Prt : minevik / past (i.e. not present)

Lihtminevik = minevik / Past imperfect = past

Täisminevik / Past perfect: olema (pres) + nud/tud/dud (olen teinud)

Enneminevik / Past pluperfect: olema (impf) + nud/tud/dud (olin teinud)

Kõneviis / Mood

+Ind : kindel / indicative
+Cond : tingiv / conditional
+Imprt : käskiv / imperative / jussive
+Quot : kaudne / quotative

Pööre ja arv / Person and number

+Sg1 : ainsuse 1. pööre / singular 1st person
+Sg2 : ainsuse 2. pööre / singular 2nd person
+Sg3 : ainsuse 3. pööre / singular 3rd person
+Pl1 : mitmuse 1. pööre / plural 1st person
+Pl2 : mitmuse 2. pööre / plural 2nd person
+Pl3 : mitmuse 3. pööre / plural 3rd person

Kõneliik / Polarity

+Aff : jaatav kõne / affirmative
+Neg : eitav kõne / negative

Infiniitsed (nn käänduvad) verbivormid / Infinite (“declinable”) verb forms

+Sup : ma-tegevusnimi / supine (ma-infinitive)
+Inf : da-tegevusnimi / infinitive (da-infinitive)a
+Ger : des-vorm / gerund (des-form)
+Prc : kesksõna / participle

Kategooriate võimalikud kombinatsioonid / Possible combinations of categories

allikas / source : Heiki-Jaan Kaalep. Eesti verbi vormistik. Keel ja kirjandus 1/2015 lk 1-15.

The categories are given in the order in which the allomorphs (if they can be distinguished) that represent them are attached to the word stem (note that the treatment of allomorphs is sloppy here). The justification is that the categories are not equal, but form an hierarchy: those closer to the word end tend to be more optional, more often non-specified.

voice: personal vs. impersonal (0-morph vs. t/d(aiu)), eg. elaks vs. elataks, elav vs. elatav
tense: present vs. past (0-morph vs. s/si/nu), e.g. elan vs. elasin, elaks vs. elanuks
mood: indicative vs. conditional vs imperative vs quotative (0-morph vs. ks vs. k/g(ue) vs. vat)
person+number: notice that in personal present and past conditional, imperative and quotative moods one form is underspecified for person+number
negation: affirmative vs. negative. It manifests itself via lexical means: it is either present in an exceptional wordform (some forms of olema) or gets adhered to a form, normally used in affirmative, from an immediately preceding word ei, ega or ära (e.g. ei elaks). The only case when negation has a dedicated form of its own is impersonal present indicative negative (e.g. ei elata).

The forms of negative words pole and ära are included in order to capture really all the combinations; also note that for olema, there are some constellations of categories that are the same for a wordform beginning with ole- and pole-

—- Personal finite forms —-

elan: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Sg1+Aff
elad: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Sg2+Aff
elab: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Sg3+Aff
elame: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Pl1+Aff
elate: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Pl2+Aff
elavad: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Pl3+Aff

ela: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Neg
pole: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Neg
ole: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Ind+Neg

NB! ei ole = pole

elaksin: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Sg1+Aff
elaksid: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Sg2+Aff
elaks: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond
elaksime: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl1+Aff
elaksite: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl2+Aff
elaksid: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl3+Aff

poleksin: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Sg1+Neg
poleksid: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Sg2+Neg
poleks: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Neg
poleksime: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl1+Neg
poleksite: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl2+Neg
poleksid: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Cond+Pl3+Neg

ela: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Sg2
elagu: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt
elagem: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Pl1
elage: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Pl2

ära: ära+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Sg2+Neg
ärgu: ära+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Neg
ärgem: ära+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Pl1+Neg
ärme: ära+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Pl1+Neg+Usage/Rare
ärge: ära+V+Pers+Prs+Imprt+Pl2+Neg

elavat: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Quot
polevat: olema+V+Pers+Prs+Quot+Neg

elasin: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Sg1+Aff
elasid: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Sg2+Aff
elas: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Sg3+Aff
elasime: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Pl1+Aff
elasite: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Pl2+Aff
elasid: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Pl3+Aff

elanud: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Neg
polnud: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Neg
olnud: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Ind+Neg

NB! ei olnud = polnud

elanuksin: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Sg1+Aff
elanuksid: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Sg2+Aff
elanuks: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond
elanuksime: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl1+Aff
elanuksite: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl2+Aff
elanuksid: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl3+Aff

polnuksin: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Sg1+Neg
polnuksid: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Sg2+Neg
polnuks: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Neg
polnuksime: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl1+Neg
polnuksite: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl2+Neg
polnuksid: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Cond+Pl3+Neg

elanud: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Imprt: 1.11.2016 ei genereerita ega tunta ära / not recognized nor generated as of Nov 1, 2016

ärnud: ära+V+Pers+Prt+Imprt+Neg

elanuvat: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Quot
polnuvat: olema+V+Pers+Prt+Quot+Neg

—- Personal infinite forms —-

elav: elama+V+Pers+Prs+Prc
elanud: elama+V+Pers+Prt+Prc

(on, oli, …) + V+Pers+Prt+Prc = some analytical personal form

elama: elama+V+Pers+Sup+Ill
elamas: elama+V+Pers+Sup+Ine
elamast: elama+V+Pers+Sup+Ela
elamaks: elama+V+Pers+Sup+Tra
elamata: elama+V+Pers+Sup+Abe

—- Impersonal finite forms —-

elatakse: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Ind+Aff
elata: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Ind+Neg
polda: olema+V+Impers+Prs+Ind+Neg
olda: olema+V+Impers+Prs+Ind+Neg

NB! ei olda = polda

elataks: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Cond
poldaks: olema+V+Impers+Prs+Cond+Neg

elatagu: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Imprt
ärdagu: ära+V+Impers+Prs+Imprt+Neg

elatavat: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Quot
poldavat: olema+V+Impers+Prs+Quot+Neg

elati: elama+V+Impers+Prt+Ind+Aff
elatud: elama+V+Impers+Prt+Ind+Neg
poldud: olema+V+Impers+Prt+Ind+Neg
oldud: olema+V+Impers+Prt+Ind+Neg

NB! ei oldud = poldud

elatuks: elama+V+Impers+Prt+Cond
polduks: olema+V+Impers+Prt+Cond+Neg

—- Impersonal infinite forms —-

elatav: elama+V+Impers+Prs+Prc
elatud: elama+V+Impers+Prt+Prc

(on, oli, …) + V+Impers+Prt+Prc = some analytical personal form

elatama: elama+V+Impers+Sup

—- Infinite forms with no voice category —-

elada: elama+V+Inf
elades: elama+V+Ger

Exceptional cases:

personal present (Prs not implemented????), 3 words: kuulukse, tunnukse, näikse

kuulukse: kuulukse+V

Negation verb

ei: ei+V+Neg

Analytical forms (olen elanud, olin elanud, oleksin elanud, ei olnud elanud, ei olnuks elanud etc) are not treated here…

Partikkel -gi/-ki / Particle -gi/-ki

+Foc/gi
pulkki: pulk+N+Sg+Nom+Foc/gi

+Emph : long inflectional forms of personal pronouns mina, sina, tema, meie, teie, nemad
temale: tema+Pron+Sg+All+Emph

Paralleelvormide erinevat kasutussagedust iseloomustavad / Usage info for parallel forms (either correct according to the norm, or incorrect)

+Usage/Rare : norm, but rare
puusid: puu+N+Pl+Par+Usage/Rare
+Usage/Hyp : norm, but so rare that norm is probaly wrong
tiivasse: tiib+N+Sg+Ill+Usage/Hyp
+Usage/NotNorm : not norm, but sometimes used
pöidlates: pöial+N+Pl+Ine+Usage/NotNorm
+Usage/CommonNotNorm : not norm, and used more than norm
kööment: köömen+N+Sg+Par+Usage/CommonNotNorm

Oletatav analüüs / Guessed analysis

+Guess : guessed analysis

Tuletus / Derivation

Eesliited on harvad, aga ikkagi … / Prefixes are seldom used, but still…

+Pref
taasriigistama: taas+Pref#riigistama+V+Pers+Sup+Ill
reinvesteerima: re+Pref#investeerima+V+Pers+Sup+Ill

Järelliited / Suffixes

V –> N

+Der/mine
jahumine: jahuma+V+Der/mine+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/ja
jahuja: jahuma+V+Der/ja+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/nu
elanu: elama+V+Der/nu+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/mus
küllastumus: küllastuma+V+Der/mus+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/ng
devalveering: devalveerima+V+Der/ng+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/is
arveldis: arveldama+V+Der/is+N+Sg+Nom

V –> A

+Der/v
jahuv: jahuma+V+Der/v+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/tav
öeldav: ütlema+V+Der/tav+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/nud
elanud: elama+V+Der/nud+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/mata
elamata: elama+V+Der/mata+A
+Der/matu
segamatu: segama+V+Der/matu+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/tamatu
mõeldamatu: mõtlema+V+Der/tamatu+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/tu
elatu: elama+V+Der/tu+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/tud
elatud: elama+V+Der/tud+A

N –> A

+Der/lik
kotkalik: kotkas+N+Der/lik+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/line
põõsaline: põõsas+N+Der/line+A+Sg+Nom
onomastiline: onomastika+N+Der/line+A+Sg+Nom
apooriline: apooria+N+Der/line+A+Sg+Nom
+Der/ne

A –> Adv

+Der/lt
roosalt: roosa+A+Der/lt+Adv
+Der/sti
valusasti: valus+A+Der/sti+Adv
+Der/ini
paremini: parem+A+Comp+Der/ini+Adv

A –> A

+Der/m
valusam: valus+A+Der/m+A+Comp+Sg+Nom
+Der/im
valusaim: valus+A+Der/im+A+Superl+Sg+Nom

N –> N

+Der/nna
õmblejanna: õmbleja+N+Der/nna+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/kond
vaatajaskond: vaatama+V+Der/ja+N+Der/kond+N+Sg+Nom
+Der/ist
kapitalist: kapitalism+N+Der/ist+N+Sg+Nom

A –> N, V –> N

+Der/us
porisus: porine+A+Der/us+N+Sg+Nom
õpetus: õpetama+V+Der/us+N+Sg+Nom

N –> Adv

+Der/ti
lauati: laud+N+Der/ti+Adv
+Der/lane : helveetslane:Helveetsia+N+Prop+Der/lane+N+Sg+Nom
firenzelane: Firenze+N+Prop+Der/lane+N+Sg+Nom
helveetslane: Helveetsia+N+Prop+Der/lane+N+Sg+Nom

N –> N, A –> A

+Dim/ke : diminutive
põõsake: põõsas+N+Dim/ke+Sg+Nom
+Der/minus : shortening stem
vaatamis-: vaatamine+N+Der/minus
astraal-: astraalne+A+Der/minus

Num –> N

+Der/kas
kolmekas: kolm+Num+Card+Der/kas+N+Sg+Nom

Muud / Other tags

Copied from Sami root.lexc

+Use/Circ : for arabic and roman numerals;
+Use/PMatch : for tokenisation with pmatch
+Use/-PMatch : for tokenisation with pmatch
+ABBR : Lühend / Abbreviation
+ACR : Suurtähtlühend / Acronym
+CLB : Osalause piir (punkt, koma) / Clause border (full stop, comma..)
+PUNCT : Kirjavahemärk / Punctuation
+LEFT : Kirjavahemärgi asetus / Punctuation orientation
+RIGHT : Kirjavahemärgi asetus / Punctuation orientation
+Err/Orth : Ortograafiaviga (genereeritud failide sümbol)/ orthography error

Flag diacritics

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags. | @U.Cap.Obl@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj. | @U.Cap.Opt@ | Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

These are used for limiting the number of components in a compound word (the compound transducer is cyclic, but in reality there is a limit to the length of words) | @D.Part@ | No part of a compound should have been encountered yet | @P.Part.One@ | Indicate that this could be the first part of a compound | @R.Part.One@ | Require that the first part has been encountered; if a lemma has it, it means that the lemma cannot be part2 or part3 of a compound | @D.Part.One@ | Require that the first part has NOT been encountered | @P.Part.Two@ | Indicate that this could be the second part of a compound | @R.Part.Two@ | Require that the second part has been encountered | @P.Part.Three@ | Indicate that this could be the third part of a compound | @P.Part.Bad@ | Indicate that this cannot be a part of a compound | @R.Part.Bad@ | Require that the first part has been encountered; if a lemma has it, it means that the lemma cannot be part2

POS is used for filtering derivations and compounds | @R.POS.NumCardCompound@ | compound numeral (viis+sada - five hundred)

Case is used for filtering derivations and compounds

Remember there has been some derivation from A or N; for filtering compounds derivation from V is called paradigmatic and does not result in Der; just a new POS…

Remember the stem type; for filtering compounds

A special condition that is used for filtering derivations and compounds

Tokeniser

Guesser

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

Sami GT convention

»
«
(escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with > as morpheme boundary)
< (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with < as morpheme boundary)
’ 7 is the real apostrophe ??

Legitimate strings that are not words: numbers, acronyms, …

Lexicons

LEXICON Root is the starting point of everything

For modelling compounds, the simplex word fst is concatenated with itself. For this, Kleene star operation is used, i.e. fst is concatenated zero to any number of times. For the lookup process, this creates a possibility of infinitely many passes through the fst, thus allowing infinitely long words. For limiting and controlling the passes, flag diacritics are used. Lookup process remembers which paths it has taken, and counts the passes. For remembering, it sets up flags on the path:

Flag the first 3 passes through the simplex fst (thus forbidding any more passes) (the lexicon contains conventionalised compounds, thus the max number of compound components is larger than three; however, no Estonian word with more than five components has been found yet)
In every pass, flag the POS and inflection, to be used in the following pass Different paths may correspond to the same surface string, e.g. mootoriõlilik = (mootori+õli)+lik and (mootori)+(õli+lik)

Lexicon-based passes

strictly simplex word; cannot be a part of a compound a simplex word, or the first part of a compound

` @D.Part@@P.Part.Two@@P.NeedPart.Three@@P.POS.Num@ CardinalNumbersInCompBeg ; ` 5-autone etc

Guesser assumes that there is only one pass, and that only the final part is important (out-of-vocabulary simplex words are treated elsewhere)

— end guesser

lexicon-based

strictly simplex words; cannot be a part of a compound

` Adpositions ; `
` Conjunctions ; `
` NoninflectingVerbs ; `
` NoninflectingAdjectiveVa ; `
` NonCompoundingAdverbs ; `
` Abbreviations ; `
` CardinalNumbersSingle ; `
` OrdinalNumbers ; `
` Punctuation ; `
` Symbols ; `
` SymbolStrings ; ` .ee .com -ending strings
LEXICON First a simplex word or the first part of a compound
LEXICON FirstOpenClass a simplex word or the first part of a compound
` @P.POS.A@ Adjectives ; `
` @P.POS.A@ NoninflectingAdjectives ; `
` @P.POS.AComp@ ComparativeAdjectives ; `
` @P.POS.AComp@ SuperlativeAdjectives ; ` ! Superl = Comp in compounding
` @P.POS.Adv@ CompoundingAdverbs ; `
` @P.POS.N@ Nouns ; `
` @P.POS.NProp@@U.Cap.Obl@ ProperNouns ; ` ! always uppercase
` @P.POS.NProp@@U.Cap.Opt@ ProperNouns ; ` ! downcased for derivations
` @P.POS.IntNum@ IntegerNumerals ; `
` @P.POS.NonIntNum@ NonIntegerNumerals ; `
` @P.POS.NumOrd@ OrdinalNumerals ; `
` @P.POS.V@ Verbs ; `
` @P.POS.GA@@P.Case.Gen@ GenitiveAttributes ; `
` @P.POS.Pref@ Prefixes ; `
LEXICON FirstClosedClass a simplex word or the first part of a compound
` @P.POS.Pron@ Pronouns ; `
LEXICON FirstWordLike a word-like string that may (or must) be the first part of a compound
` @P.POS.Interj@ Interjections ; `
` @P.POS.ACR@ Acronyms ; `
` @P.POS.ACRMinus@@P.NeedPart.Two@ Acrominus ; `
LEXICON Latter the latter part of a compound
` @P.POS.A@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ Adjectives ; `
` @P.POS.A@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ Adjectives_ne ; ` järguline järk+N+Der/line+A redellik redel+N+Der/lik+A NOT -autone
` @P.POS.A@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ Adjectives_v ; `
` @P.POS.A@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ PlainAdjectives ; `
` @P.POS.AComp@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ ComparativeAdjectives ; `
` @P.POS.AComp@@C.Der@@C.Stem@ SuperlativeAdjectives ; `
` @P.Case.Gen@ LatterVerb ; `
` @P.POS.V@@C.Der@@P.Stem.Verb@ Verbs ; `

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/root.lexc

src-fst-morphology-stems-acronyms.lexc.md

Acronyms

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/morphology/stems/acronyms.lexc

src-fst-phonetics-txt2ipa.xfscript.md

retroflex plosive, voiceless t ʈ 0288, 648 ( = ASCII 096) retroflex plosive, voiced dɖ 0256, 598 labiodental nasal F ɱ 0271, 625 retroflex nasal n ɳ 0273, 627 palatal nasal J ɲ 0272, 626 velar nasal N ŋ 014B, 331 uvular nasal N\ ɴ 0274, 628

bilabial trill B\ ʙ 0299, 665 uvular trill R\ ʀ 0280, 640 alveolar tap 4 ɾ 027E, 638 retroflex flap rɽ 027D, 637 bilabial fricative, voiceless p\ ɸ 0278, 632 bilabial fricative, voiced B β 03B2, 946 dental fricative, voiceless T θ 03B8, 952 dental fricative, voiced D ð 00F0, 240 postalveolar fricative, voiceless S ʃ 0283, 643 postalveolar fricative, voiced Z ʒ 0292, 658 retroflex fricative, voiceless s ʂ 0282, 642 retroflex fricative, voiced z` ʐ 0290, 656 palatal fricative, voiceless C ç 00E7, 231 palatal fricative, voiced j\ ʝ 029D, 669 velar fricative, voiced G ɣ 0263, 611 uvular fricative, voiceless X χ 03C7, 967 uvular fricative, voiced R ʁ 0281, 641 pharyngeal fricative, voiceless X\ ħ 0127, 295 pharyngeal fricative, voiced ?\ ʕ 0295, 661 glottal fricative, voiced h\ ɦ 0266, 614

alveolar lateral fricative, vl. K alveolar lateral fricative, vd. K\

labiodental approximant P (or v) alveolar approximant r\ retroflex approximant r` velar approximant M\

retroflex lateral approximant l` palatal lateral approximant L velar lateral approximant L
Clicks

bilabial O\ (O = capital letter) dental |
(post)alveolar !\ palatoalveolar =\ alveolar lateral ||
Ejectives, implosives

ejective > e.g. ejective p p> implosive < e.g. implosive b b< Vowels

close back unrounded M close central unrounded 1 close central rounded } lax i I lax y Y lax u U

close-mid front rounded 2 close-mid central unrounded @\ close-mid central rounded 8 close-mid back unrounded 7

schwa ə @

open-mid front unrounded E open-mid front rounded 9 open-mid central unrounded 3 open-mid central rounded 3\ open-mid back unrounded V open-mid back rounded O

ash (ae digraph) { open schwa (turned a) 6

open front rounded & open back unrounded A open back rounded Q Other symbols

voiceless labial-velar fricative W voiced labial-palatal approx. H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ voiced epiglottal fricative <\ epiglottal plosive >\

alveolo-palatal fricative, vl. s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _ Suprasegmentals

primary stress “ secondary stress % long : half-long :\ extra-short _X linking mark -
Tones and word accents

level extra high _T level high _H level mid _M level low _L level extra low _B downstep ! upstep ^ (caret, circumflex)

contour, rising contour, falling _F contour, high rising _H_T contour, low rising _B_L

contour, rising-falling _R_F (NB Instead of being written as diacritics with _, all prosodic marks can alternatively be placed in a separate tier, set off by < >, as recommended for the next two symbols.) global rise global fall Diacritics

voiceless 0 (0 = figure), e.g. n_0 voiced _v aspirated _h more rounded _O (O = letter) less rounded _c advanced _+ retracted _- centralized _” syllabic = (or _=) e.g. n= (or n=) non-syllabic _^ rhoticity `

breathy voiced _t creaky voiced _k linguolabial _N labialized _w palatalized ‘ (or _j) e.g. t’ (or t_j) velarized _G pharyngealized _?\

dental d apical _a laminal _m nasalized ~ (or _~) e.g. A~ (or A~) nasal release _n lateral release _l no audible release _}

velarized or pharyngealized _e velarized l, alternatively 5 raised _r lowered _o advanced tongue root _A retracted tongue root _q

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/phonetics/txt2ipa.xfscript

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc.md

We describe here how abbreviations are in Estonian are read out, e.g. for text-to-speech systems.

For example:

s.:syntynyt # ;
os.:omaa% sukua # ;
v.:vuosi # ;
v.:vuonna # ;
esim.:esimerkki # ;
esim.:esimerkiksi # ;

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-abbrevs2text.lexc

src-fst-transcriptions-transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc.md

:kümmend+Use/NG LOHKAIM ; Analyzed but not generated

% komma% :, Root ; % tjuohkkis% :%. Root ; % kolon% :%: Root ; % sárggis% :%- Root ; % násti% :%* Root ;

This (part of) documentation was generated from src/fst/transcriptions/transcriptor-numbers-digit2text.lexc

tools-grammarcheckers-grammarchecker.cg3.md

ESTONIAN GRAMMAR CHECKER