Introduction ============ This file describes the Lule Saami lexicon files. The documentation is not complete. Status quo for the lexicon files is as follows (030310): - The inflection is more or less covered, with the following exceptions: - Numerals are missing The file structure for the lexicon files is the same as for the other Saami lgs, cf. the [North Sámi flowchart](https://giellalt.uit.no/lang/sme/docu-sme-flowchart.html). Lexicons ======== sme smj ACCRA ACCRA MARJA MARJA NYSTØ NYSTØ BERN BERN LONDON LONDON C-FI-NEN LONDON ANAR ANAR ALEUHTAT ALEUHTAT SUND BERN HEIM BERN HAWAII ACCRA The Propernouns =============== The proper nouns are extracted out of the common file proper-noun.xml. This file takes sme as its starting point. The continuation lexicon correspondence is as follows Type StemCoda CG IllChange Loc Lexicon Status ----------------------------------------------------- LightVow no yes -s ACCRA LightVow yes yes -s MARJA HeavyVow no no -as NYSTØ tmp HeavyCns no no -as BERN LightCns no no -is LONDON DUORTNUS ! Trisyll. Cns-final, cons.grad. ANAR ! Trisyll. Cns-final, no cons.grad. SARAK ! Trisyll. Cns-final, no cons.grad BASUDIS ! Bisyll. Non-Gradating C-Proper Names GEAVNNIS ! Contracted. Gradating C-Proper Names DAVVISUOLU ! Contracted. Gradating C-Proper Names Plural names VARGGAT ALEUHTAT SULLOT EATNAMAT The Nouns ========= The nouns are divided in the following sublexica (the noun-smj-lex.txt file is organized in chapters according to these sublexica). Spiik LEXICON Type -------------------------------------------------------------- even MUORRA 2syll stem with cg (note Q1) even GÁDDE 2syll stem with cg (note Q1) with comparatives even ÅLGGO Like MUORRA but no inessive/elative/illative sg, with comparatives even MIEHTE Like MUORRA but no locative/elative/illative sg even NOADE 2syll stem without cg (note missing Q1) even KINO 2syll stem without any morphophonology even VUOSA 2syll stem with cg only pluralforms even AHKA words like tjerastahka with short compound-form even OADÁDAGÁ pl. words like tjerastahka with short compound-form even VUOHTA even VSBST-EVEN even ACTOR even ACTORdiehtet even 4sl GÅNÅGIS 4syll stem with cg even 4sl CELSIUS 4syll stem without cg even 4sl BERRAHATTJA like GÅNÅGIS but pl. even 4sl JIHPELIJ gen:jihpelahá even 4sl OARJJILIJ gen:oarjjilihá even 4sl VIESSOMUJ gen:viessumuhe even 4sl SIJDDALAHÁ plural even 4sl SISSNELUHÁ plurals odd ÅRES oddsyll, cg, C-final, 2ndsyll vowchange odd GÁMAS oddsyll, cg, C-final, no 2ndsyll vowchange odd SÅHKÅR oddsyll, cg, C-final, no 2ndsyll vowchange and only long essive odd GAHPER oddsyll, no cg, no vowchange odd BENA oddsyll, cg, vowchange, V-final nominative odd DÁRBBAGA like BENA BUT ONLY PLURAL odd VÁLLDÁRA oddsyllable pluralforms only odd SNJIERÁGA oddsyllable pluralforms only odd BÆLLJASA GÁMAS but plural odd MANEBU oddsyllable pluralforms only odd BAVSEV gen:baksima odd GÅRDAL gen:goarddala odd RÁBEV gen:ráhpuga odd SEKKAS gen:sæggása odd DERDAJ gen:dærddaga odd BØSOJ gen:bøssuga odd GUOVSOJVUOJOJ gen:vuodjom odd RITJAS Like GÁMAS but without stem a-lengthening for grade I (underlying long -i-) odd TJÅLKES gen:tjoalkkasa odd BÁRNEP gen:bárnebu odd SÅGAS gen:sågaska odd SÁGE gen:sáhkaha odd BUTJES gen:buttjása odd VSBST-ODD cntr SARVES cntr C-final with cg cntr SUOLOJ cntr GUOMOJ III-I cg cntr GÅHKES gen:gåhkkå cntr SJUOKKAJ gen:sjuoggá cntr GISTÁ loan word lexica: LEXICON KULTUR !Recent loanwords on -vrra with long and short compound-form LEXICON FAKTOR !Recent loanwords on -åvrrå with long and short compound-form LEXICON INSPEKTØR !Recent loanwords on -ørra with long and short compound-form LEXICON TELEFON !Recent loanwords on -åvnnå with long and short compound-form LEXICON INSTITUTION !Recent loanwords on -sjåvnnå with long and short compound-form: -TION IN SWEDISH LEXICON MISSION !Recent loanwords on -sjåvnnå with long and short compound-form: -SSION IN SWEDISH LEXICON PENSION !Recent loanwords on -sjåvnnå with long and short compound-form: -SION IN SWEDISH LEXICON BENSIN !Recent loanwords on -ijnna with long and short compound-form LEXICON MASKIN !Recent loanwords on -sjijnna with long and short compound-form: -SKIN LEXICON ADJEKTIV !Recent loanwords on -ijvva with long and short compound-form LEXICON ANTIKK !Recent loanwords on -hkka with long and short compound-form on -kk/-k LEXICON APOTEK !Recent loanwords on -hkka with long and short compound-form on -k LEXICON ADVOKAT !Recent loanwords on -áhtta with long and short compound-form LEXICON BUDSJETT !Recent loanwords on -æhtta with long and short compound-form LEXICON INTERNET !Recent loanwords on -æhtta with long and short compound-form: -ET IN SWEDISH LEXICON IDENTITET !Recent loanwords on -ehtta, -uhtta, -ihtta with long and short compound-form on -t LEXICON INSTITUTT !Recent loanwords on -ehtta, -uhtta, -ihtta with long and short compound-form on -tt(NOR)/-t(SW) LEXICON PARTISIPP !Recent loanwords on -hppa with long and short compound-form on -pp LEXICON ALLEGORI !Recent loanwords on -ija with long and short compound-form LEXICON PATENT !Recent loanwords on -ænnta with long and short compound-form LEXICON VARIANT !Recent loanwords on -ánnta with long and short compound-form LEXICON PARADIS !Recent loanwords on -jssa with long and short compound-form LEXICON KOLLEKT !Recent loanwords on -ækta with long and short compound-form LEXICON TEKSTIL !Recent loanwords on -jlla with long and short compound-form LEXICON SYSTEM !Recent loanwords on -ebma with long and short compound-form LEXICON ADVERB !Recent loanwords on -ærbba with long and short compound-form LEXICON AGRONOM !Recent loanwords on -åvmma with long and short compound-form LEXICON TABELL !Recent loanwords on -äl0la with long and short compound-form LEXICON AREAL !Recent loanwords on -álla with long and short compound-form LEXICON TELEGRAM !Recent loanwords on -ám'ma with long and short compound-form LEXICON ORGAN !Recent loanwords on -ádna with long and short compound-form LEXICON SEMINAR !Recent loanwords on -árra with long and short compound-form LEXICON SBSTANS !Recent loanwords on -ánssa with long and short compound-form LEXICON VALENS !Recent loanwords on -ænssa with long and short compound-form LEXICON TURIST !Recent loanwords on -ssta with long and short compound-form LEXICON FANATISM !Recent loanwords on -ssma with long and short compound-form LEXICON DEMAGOG !Recent loanwords on -ga with long and short compound-form NB! Note that grade III nouns of the biel'lo type must be added as such in the lexicon, in order not to get wrong CG results. Also, non-gradating nouns must go to different sublexica, and these lexica must point to CG-free case sublexica. The Adjectives ============== The adjective lexica follow Spiik's numbering system, in the following way: / Spiik LEXICON Type -------------------------------------------------------------------- even 1a GIEVRRA Attr WeG, -s even 1b NUORRA Attr = even 1c HÁVSSKE Attr w/o WeG, -s even 1d UNNE Attr e > a~e, WeG even 1e SÁVADAHTTE Causative-participles even 1e JUHKKE participles even 2 ÁRMMOGIS Attr = Pred. Nom. Sg. even 2 MÁHTULASJ as ÁRMMOGIS but no attr even 2 ÅLLAGASJ as ÁRMMOGIS but no comparatives. misc. ASIDASJ misc. DÁRBBOLASJ no attr misc. TJALMEDIBME even SUOLASIEHKE as GIEVRRA but no attribute even NUORTTALABBO inherent comparatives even GASSKALAMOS inherent superlatives even TJAVGGÁMUS !Inherent superlatives even DÁBBELIJ gen:dábbelahá odd a. TJIEGOS Adj. on -k, negating on -dahkes, sm adjs on -os odd b. BASSTEL Adj. on -et, -l, -r odd c. MUTTÁK Adj. on -ák,  {aáå}s, Attr -is or == odd d. ALLAK Adj. on -ak, Attr on -a odd d2. GÅBDDÅK Adjs on -åk, attr. on -å, short comparatives odd e. GALMAS Adj. on WeG -as, Attr on StrG -a odd f. SUOHKAT Adj. on -at odd f2. odd f3. LÅSSÅT Two sets of comparatives and two attr. forms here odd g. DIMES Adj. on -es Attr dibma odd g. BITJES bitjes:bihtjas- odd g2. OAMES Adj. on -es Attr = odd h. TJALMMIS Adj. on -is with Attr -is and = odd STUORAK Adjective stuorak, stuoragat, comp:stuoráp odd SJÆVNNJAT miscellanious uneven No attribute, stemvowel change odd RIHTSOK miscellanious uneven No attribute, no stemvowel change odd OANEP Inherent comparatives odd TSIBTSA attr = odd IENNILS no comparatives odd GÅNTSAS odd DABÁR like BASSTEL but with CG odd SNÁVES snáves:snávvas- contr. SÁDNES attr = contr. GOAVSOS attr = contr. SUVRES attr suvra --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Attribute ------------- The case forms -------------- Comparative and superlative --------------------------- The verbs ========= Introduction ------------ Auxiliary verbs and main verbs are treated separately. Note the concatenated entries for auxiliary + negation. The main verbs are divided in even (-at, -åt, -ot, -et), odd (-it) and contracted (-át, -åt\~ut, -it) stems. The auxiliaries --------------- The auxiliaries have the lexica NEG, ÅRROT, LIEHKET. The verb stems are declared initially in the `verb-smj.txt` file, and the continuation lexica themselves are declared towards the end of the `smj-lex.txt` file. Since the auxiliaries are irregular, the suffixes are just listed. The main verbs -------------- ### VerbRoot lexicon lexicon for impersonal verbs lexicon for verbs with personal passives, Transitives lexicon for verbs without personal passives, Intransitives lexicon without Personal Passive but with Acc obj lexicon for inherent passives Modals: GALGGAT VIERTTIT Even-syllable: *Impersonal verbs*: BIEGGAT !Impersonals GALSSJOT !Impersonal o-verbs BIEKKASTALLAT !Allready derived Impersonals *Intransitives*: RAVGGAT !a- and å-verbs BUOLLET !e-verbs VIEDJET !e-verbs GRADE II-I WITH IE DIPHT. BÅRSSJOT !o-verbs VILSSJOT !o-verbs with dim -astit that are hardcoded RAVGGALASSTET !Like RAVGGAT for already derived words (except words ending -uššat) *Transitives*: BASSAT !a- and å-verbs JUHKAT !a-verbs with dim -istit that are hardcoded LÁHPPET !e-verbs JIEHKET !e-verbs GRADE II-I WITH IE DIPHT. BASSALASSTET !Like BASSAT for already derived words (except words ending -uššat) DIEHTET !Only this one word, unusual diphtong behavior GÁDJOT !o-verbs JÅRGGOT !o-verbs with dim -astit that are hardcoded *Personal Passive but with Acc obj **MÁHTTET* !transitive verbs without personal passive** *Passives*: GUOTTEDALLAT !passives Uneven-syllable: *Impersonal verbs*: BIEKKASTIT !Impersonals *Transitives*: UNNEDIT ! Transitives MUJTATJIT !Words ending -tjit, -jdit, reciprocals on -dit, momentatives on -dit, -edit, continuatives on -ldit, -nit, essives on -hit and 5-syllables BÅNJÅDIT !continuatives on -dit, frequentatives on -odit, reciprocals, momentatives and frequentatives ending -alit VUORDDELIT !Trisyllabic Verbs ending -lit *Intransitives*: JÅLLÅRIT !At the moment IV, we may perhaps change IV/TV. BEGATJIT !Words ending -tjit, -jdit, reciprocals on -dit, momentatives on -dit, -edit, continuatives on -ldit, -nit, essives on -hit and 5-syllables BALÁDIT !continuatives on -dit, frequentatives on -odit, reciprocals, momentatives and frequentatives ending -alit SUOGNALIT !Trisyllabic Verbs ending -lit LASSÁNIT !verbs ending -nit, -sit BÁHTARIT !verbs ending -rit Contracted stems: *Impersonal verbs*: SJIERRIT !Impersonals *Intransitives*: OADDÁT ! Do not make nouns via -ár derivation DULLUT ! Do not make nouns via -ár derivation VALLIT ! Make nouns via -ár derivation *Transitives*: TJUOLLÁT ! Do not make nouns via -ár derivation STRÁFFUT ! Do not make nouns via -ár derivation TSIEGGIT ! Make nouns via -ár derivation *Passives*: BASSUT !Passives ### The disposition The disposition is as follows: 1. The stem class lexica and their immediate daughter lexica 1. Even-syllabic stems 1. Modals 2. Ordinary main verbs 2. Odd-syllabic stems 3. Contracted stems 2. Main inflectional categories 3. Intermediate suffix lexica 4. Final suffix lexica 5. Derivation ### Inflection #### The stem class lexica Each main stem type has its own section, for the lexica with pointers from the verb file. These lecixa first split into a non-derivational and a derivational part, with `BASSATStem` and `DeverbalVerbsBASSAT` (etc., for the other lexica). The latter point to the derivational lexica, cf. next xection. The former is a set of lexica with pointers towards passive (`EVENPASSIVE`) and non-passive (`BASSATINCH`) continuation lexica. The `BASSATINCH` etc. lexica point twice to `INFL-EVEN` etc., both directly and via the inchoative `-goahte-` suffix. #### The main inflectional categories The `INFL-EVEN, INFL-o-, INFL-ODD, INFL-CONTR` lexica then point to the different person-number sublexica. Note that there in Lule Saami are two person-number suffix series. One is used in even-syllabic verbs for present tense and in odd-syllabic verbs for past tense, this is named with roman numeral I in the sublexica to follow. The other one is used in even-syllabic verbs for past tense and potential, lexica with this suffix set are named with roman numerals II. The reason for this abstraction is that we do not need to write the same suffixes several times, rather, we may refer to the same suffix set from different stem-tense-mode combinations. The pointers to the person-number lexica are done on blocks of nine and nine. #### The intermediate suffix lexica Here, the person-number blocks are split in different groups, according to morphophonological processes. #### The final suffix lexica At last, we are in a position to assign person-number suffixes. ### Derivation The passive lexica add the passive suffixes, and thereafter point further on to the inflection lexica. The derivational system takes the North Saami system as a starting point, but does not (yet) take transitivity into account. From the stems of each stemtype, there are pointers to lexica `DeverbalVerbsBASSAT,DeverbalVerbsJUHKAT, DeverbalVerbsLÁHPPET, DeverbalNounsBASSAT,DeverbalNounsBASSALASSTET, DeverbalVerbsBIEGGAT, DeverbalVerbsDIEHTET, DeverbalNounsDIEHTET, DeverbalVerbsJÅLLÅRIT, DeverbalNounsJÅLLÅRIT, DeverbalNounsMUJTATJIT, DeverbalVerbsVUORDDELIT, DeverbalVerbsLASSÁNIT, DeverbalVerbsBIEKKASTIT, DeverbalNounsOADDÁT, DeverbalVerbsOADDÁT, DeverbalNounsSTRÁFFUT, DeverbalVerbsSJIERRIT`. All these lexica are found in a separate section "Verbal derivation" following the section on verbal inflection. The closed classes ================== Pronouns -------- ### Personal pronouns Lule Saami personal pronouns are added to the file closed-smj.lex.txt. They differ from the corresponding North Sami ones in having uniform sublexica across the different persons. The initial lexicon *Personal* splits into nine sublexica, 3 for each person, each pointing to one sublexicon for each number. The 3 number sublexica (*persproncasesg*, etc. then give the case forms. ### Demonstrative pronouns This lexicon contains both declineable and indeclineable entries. The declineable ones point to five sublexica, *dakkárcase, demcas, juohkkahasjcase,* duobbacase and *dátcas*. Of these, the former splits into number sublexica. ### Reflexive pronouns In the *Reflexive* sublexicon, the reflexive pronoun *iesj* gets spelled-out forms for the Px-less nominative, whereas the oblique forms are directed to sublexica for sg and pl. There they get appropriate stems, and the singular forms are redirected to the ordinary nominal Px lexica. Acc PxSg1 and Gen PxSg1 have exceptional forms, they are listed as such. The plural reflexives do have deviating Px forms, they are listed in the closed-smj-lex.txt file itself, first by establishing dual and plural substems for each person (in the lexicon *PxCiPlstem*), and then by giving the personal suffixes (in the lexicon *PxCPlstem.*). ### Reciprocal pronouns Various cases of the word gasska with dual and plural Px-forms. ### Interrogative pronouns These are *makkár/makkir, mij, guhtimusj,* *galla/galli, galles, goabbá* and *guhti*. *Makkár/makkir* points to *dakkárcase* (demonstrative). Some case-forms are idiosyncraticand are given separately.The rest are generated in sublexa*.* ### Indefinite pronouns These are a whole bunch. Typically the nominative sg. and one more case (illative sg. or nominative pl. for example) are given separately, while the other cases are generated in specific lexica. Indefinites that don´t inflect are for example vehi and juohkka. Subjunctions and Conjunctions ----------------------------- 10-20 subjunctions and conjunctions are listed, and given appropriate tags. Numerals -------- The numeral lexica are formed as a generator, generating all possible numerals. The basic lexicon is `Numeral`, and it looks like this: LEXICON Numeral MILJON ; ! a noun of its own UNDERDUHAT ; ! for generator under 1000 JUSTDUHAT ; ! going via 1000 OVERDUHAT ; ! for generator over 1000 OLD ; ! for "thirteen hundred, etc. !num-ordinal ; ! The basic ordinal numbers !Integrated in card. !num-derived ; ! still unimplemented num-imprecise ; ARABIC ; ! for the arabic numerals !^C^ ROMAN ; ! for the roman numerals !^C^ NUM-PREFIXES ; ! for §34 etc. !^C^ ISOLATED-NUMEXP ; ! for ½ etc. !^C^ MILJON is a noun. OLD is the old way of counting. num-ordinal act like adjectives, they are not finished yet. ARABIC and ROMAN contain number generators. So, what is the reason for the three different lexica around 1000? The reason is that the numeric system turns at the thousand mark. Numbers above it and numbers below it behave in the same way, thus we have both *twentyfour* and *twentyfourthousand*, etc. The path is OVERDUHAT -> JUSTDUHAT -> UNDERDUHAT. OVERDUHAT generates the part of the numeral that is over 1000, and all these lexica then point to JUSTDUHAT. That lexicon has an optional "(one) thousand" before it leads either to DUHAT and via the relevant case paradigm to K, or to UNDERDUHAT. UNDERDUHAT contains the numerals 1-999. UNDERDUHAT starts with the lexicon for one, and gives each group of numerals its own lexicon. Particles and Interjections --------------------------- 140-150 particles and interjections are listed, and given tags. Adverbs ======= The file adv-smj-lex.txt contains lexical adverbs. Still missing is defect case paradigms, and adverbs derived from adjectives. Adpositions =========== The file differs between pre- and postpositions.